Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

unicellular

A

composed of one cell (ex. amoeba)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

multicellular

A

composed of many cells that may organize into tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

organelle

A

specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function and make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

list three principles of cell theory

A
  1. all living things are made of cells (although they may be uni or mulitcellular)
  2. cells are the basic unit of life (smallest part of an organism that is still capable of all life’s functions)
  3. all cells come from other cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

list the structures that differ between animal and plant cells

A

plant cells- central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts
animal cells- centrioles, flagella, lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the roles of proteins, lipids, and carbs in the structure of the phospholipid bilayer

A

protein- transport
lipids- main component of the bilayer (hydrophilic head, hydrophoic tail, selectively permeable)
carbs- structual support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why are ribosomes the most essential organelle in the cell?

A

they make proteins and proteins run your body (they have MANY functions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are three organelles that supoort the ribsome in making proteins?

A

rough er
-has ribsomes on its surface
-makes and packages proteins golgi apparatus
-gets vesicles of protein from the er
-processes, sorts, and ships the proteins
vesicles
-transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the most basic unit of life?

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are two things that eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not?

A
  1. nucleus
  2. membrane bound organelles
  3. divide/ reproduce by mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does a prokaryote reproduce?

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the purpose of the nucelus?

A

to protect the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

list to places ribsomes are found in the cell

A
  1. rough er
  2. floating in the cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

list one unique thing lysosomes do

A

break down dead stuff (contains enzymes that speed up chemical reactions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

if your body didn’t have vesicles what would happen?

A

proteins wouldn’t be able to move around the cell, so they wouldn’t be able to go to other parts of your body (a lot of things in our bodies wouldn’t work because proteins do so much)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is DNA found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic- cytoplasm
eukaryotic- nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which organelle helps the cell divide?

A

centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the nucleuolus create?

A

RNA wihc makes up ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which organelle packages and modifies protiens?

A

golgi appartatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

list one main goal of the cell and why it is important

A

to make proteins, because they run your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which organelle holds the instructions for making proteins?

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which organelle makes proteins?

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which organelle transports proteins?

A

vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which organelle does photosynthesis?

A

chloropasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which organelle does cellular respiration?

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which two organelles are used for movement?

A

flagella and cillia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does the smooth er do?

A

makes lipids and detoxifies the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

homeostasis

A

the need of an organism to stay stable by regulating internal conditions (ex. sweating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

solute

A

what gets dissolved (ex. lemonade powder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

solvent

A

does the dissovling (ex. water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

solution

A

uniform mixture of two or more substances (ex. lemonade)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

concentration

A

amount of solute dissoved in solvent [ ]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dynamic equillibruim (in regards to homeostasis)

A

maintained; things in your body aren’t always the same, but they stay within a range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

static equillibruim (in regards to homeostasis)

A

things in your body are always the same, no movement, they don’t change at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

describe the relationship between response to stimuli and homeostasis

A

organisms constantly take in stimuli and have to respond to them in order to maintain homeostasis (stimuli- change in enviroment, response- change in organsim as a result)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are positive feedback loops? list two examples

A

output or product of a system instenstifies the response, ex. human child labor, fruit ripening

37
Q

what are negative feedback loops? give two examples

A

output or product causes a counter response ot return to a set point, ex. human body temperature, water concentration, blood sugar regulation

38
Q

what is passive transport?

A

requires no extra energy by cells, molecules move from high concentration to low (down concentration gradient) ex. simple or facilitated diffusion

39
Q

what is active transport?

A

requires extra energy (ATP) to move materials, molecules move from low to high concentration (against concentration gradient) ex. endocytosis, exocytosis, molecular pumps

40
Q

what is the role of the cell membrane in regulating homeostatis on a cellular level?

A

-controls movement of things in and out of the cell
-selectively permeable or extra picky about what goes in and out

41
Q

what does and does not pass through the cell membrane easily?

A

does- small molecules, nonpolar, water, neutral, hydrophobic
does not- large molecules, polar

42
Q

what is a hypotonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?

A

hypotonic- water concentration is higher than cells cytoplasm water concentration, water goes into the cell and the cell swells

42
Q

what is a hypertonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?

A

water concentration is lower than cells cytoplasm water concentration, water goes out of the cell and cell shrivels

43
Q

what is an isotonic solution and what happens to a cell in one?

A

identical water concentration, water goes in and out of the cell at the same rate and the cell stays the same

44
Q

which organelle maintains homeostasis?

A

cell membrane

45
Q

give an example of how your body maintains homeostasis

A

thermoregulation- sweating when hot, shivering when cold

46
Q

what kind of molecules get through the membrane by facilitated diffusion? (need a little help)

A

large, polar molecules

47
Q

what macromolecule helps in facilitated diffusion by acting as a tunnel?

A

proteins

48
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the movement of water across the cell membrane

49
Q

which organelle is critical for exocytosis and endocytosis to occur?

A

vesicles

50
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

the process by which a cell takes in materials by forming a vesicle around it, active transport

51
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

the process by which a cell exports materials out of the cell by forming a vesicle around it, active transport

52
Q

what type of molecules are transported by molecular pumps?

A

ions

53
Q

what type of molecules can’t get through the cell membrane easily?

A

large, charged, polar molecules

54
Q

differentiaion

A

a process that creats special structures and functions

55
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells

56
Q

cell cycle

A

a repeated pattern of growth and DNA duplication and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells (2 purposes- growth and repair)

57
Q

chromosome

A

one long continous thread of DNA that consists of thousands of genes and regulatory information

58
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA with the instructions for making a protein

59
Q

sister chromatids

A

two identical chromatids

60
Q

centromere

A

region of the condensed chromsomes, where spindle fibers attach

61
Q

telomere

A

the ends of the DNA molecule

62
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell diviion, regulation of the cell cycle breaks down, divide much more often than healthy cells

63
Q

metastisize

A

spreading of disease from one organ to others

64
Q

carcinogens

A

cancer causing agents; chemicals that cause cancer by mutating DNA

65
Q

order the formation of a human (from sperm and egg to baby)

A

sperm + egg
zygote
embryo
baby

66
Q

what are specialized cells?

A

cells that have specific functions and structures that form into tissues and then organs (differentiated)

67
Q

what are stem cells? (in relation to specialized cells)

A

cells that are not yet differentiated but will be, can differentiate into one or more types of specialized tissue

68
Q

list the levels of organization from cell to organism

A
  1. cell
  2. tissue
  3. organ
  4. organ system
  5. organism
69
Q

explain the key roles of checkpoints in regulaing the cell cycle

A

critical points where “stop” and “go” siganls can regulate the cycles (checks to make sure a specific thing is right)

70
Q

explain the key roles of apoptosis in regulating the cell cycle

A

programmed cell death, ex. when you are first formed you have webbed fingers but those cells go through apoptosis, if a cell isn’t functioning right then instead of making more wrong cells it will die

71
Q

list the phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. interphase
  2. mitosis
  3. cytokinesis
72
Q

describe interphase

A

the growth phase of the cell cycle, longest phase

73
Q

list and describe the phases of interphase

A
  1. gap 1 phase (G1)- cell grows and makes proteins
  2. synthesis (S)- DNA replication, doubles number of chromosomes
  3. gap 2 (G2)- more cell growth and protein synthesis
74
Q

describe mitosis

A

the division phase of the cell cycle (when one cell becomes two identical daughter cells)

75
Q

list and describe the phases of mitosis

A
  1. prophase- chromosomes condense and are visible
  2. metaphase- as sister chromtids, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form out of centrioles, spindle fibers connect to centromeres, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
  3. anaphase- sister chromatids seperate by pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes, crhomtids move to opposite ends of the cell
  4. telophase- chromsomes decondense and start to look like chromatin again, nuclear membrane reforms around chromsomes and each pole, spindle fibers break down, cytokinesis begins
76
Q

describe cytokinsesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells

77
Q

nwhy is the s phase of mitosis important?

A

because if the number of chromsomes didn’t double then the two cells would both have only 1/2 of the DNA needed

78
Q

explain the cytokinesis in a plant cell vs. an animal cell

A

plant- a cell plate forms midway between divided nuclei and gradually develops
animal- cells form a cleavage furrow that pinches into the cell into 2 cells

79
Q

list 3 potential causes of cancer and one example of each

A
  1. biologica factors- age, genetic mutations
  2. lifestyle choices- diet, phycial activites
  3. exposures to carcinogens- tobacco smoke, asbestos
80
Q

what are two places stem cells can be found?

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. embryos
81
Q

what do osteocytes and hepatocytes produce?

A

osteocytes- bone (tissues)
hepatocytes- liver (tissues)

82
Q

which organelle helps the cell divide?

A

centrioles, forms the spindle fibers

83
Q

what is the cell cycle controlled by?

A

a chemcial control system (that starts and stops in the cell cycle- proteins, checkpoints, apoptosis, external and interal signals)

84
Q

what are the two types of cell regulation?

A

external and internal signals

85
Q

what is an internal signal?

A

if a cell recieves a signal from its own nucleus (to divide)

86
Q

what is a tumor?

A

a clump of cancerous cells

87
Q

what are malignant cancerous cells?

A

cells that spread to different organs

88
Q

what are benign cancerous cells?

A

cells that stay contained in one place

biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions