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biology > test 5 > Flashcards

test 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleic acid

A

the macromolecule that holds our genetic materical (DNA), contains genes (two types: DNA and RNA)

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2
Q

nucleotide

A

make up the nucleic acids (the monomer or buliding blocks) 3 parts- sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

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3
Q

chromosome

A

tightly coiled strands of DNA

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4
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that has instructions to code for a protein (one chromosome contains thousands of genes)

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5
Q

DNA replication

A

the process of making an identical copy of DNA (happens in Synthesis phate of interphase)

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6
Q

semi- conservative replication

A

when part of a molecule is conserved/ saved in replication

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7
Q

what sugar does DNA have?

A

deoxyribose

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8
Q

what sugar does RNA have?

A

ribose

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9
Q

what nitrogen bases does DNA have?

A

-adenine
-thymine
-guanine
-cytosine

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10
Q

what nitrogen bases does RNA have?

A

-adenine
-uracil
-guanine
-cytosine

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11
Q

what is the shape of a DNA molecule?

A

double helix

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12
Q

what is the shape of a RNA molecule?

A

single strand

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13
Q

what are two similarites between DNA and RNA? what is the main similarity between DNA and RNA?

A
  1. they both have adenine, guanine, and cytosine and nitrogen bases (main similarity)
  2. they are both nucleic acids
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14
Q

what are three differences between DNA and RNA?

A

-DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil
-DNA has deoxyribose as the sugar, RNA has ribose as the sugar
-DNA is shaped like a double- helix, RNA is a single strand

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15
Q

what are the base pairing rules of DNA?

A

adenine goes with thymine (apples in trees), and cytosine goes with guanine (cars in garages)

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16
Q

what are the base paring rules of RNA?

A

adenine goes with uracil (apples under trees), and cytosine goes with guanine (cars in garages)

17
Q

what are hydrogen bonds between?

A

nitrogen bases

18
Q

why is it important to have hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases?

A

so the DNA molecule can easily unzip because hydrogen bonds are weaker, which is the first step in DNA replication

19
Q

where are covalent bonds on a DNA molecule?

A

nucleotides (in between one sugar, one phosphate, and one nitrogen base)

20
Q

why is it important to have covalent bonds in between nucleotides?

A

because covalent bonds are stronger and hold together the phosphate-sugar backbone. it also holds the nitrogen bases in order, and if they get out of order then they can’t code for a protein. (the orer of base- pairs codes for a protein)

21
Q

describe what a nucleotide might look like.

A

a circle (phosphate) connected to a pentagon (sugar) connected to a square (nitrogen base)

22
Q

what are the three steps in the process of DNA replication? describe them.

A

-Unzip the DNA in between the nitrogen bases (hydrogen bonds)
-Enzymes help find complementary bases and bind them according to base pairing rules
-Two identical DNA molecules are formed, each with an “old” strand and a “new” strand

23
Q

why is DNA replication important?

A

if we didn’t replicate our DNA each of the two new daughter cells we form would only have 1/2 of our DNA instead of the full thing and wouldn’t be able to function

24
Q

why is DNA replication considered to be “semi-conservative”?

A

-because part of the original molecule is saved/ conserved
-each of the two new molecules have one “old” strand of DNA and one “new”
-“old” strands are used as templates for “new” ones

25
Q

what is the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, and genes?

A

-genes are pieces/sections of DNA
-there are thousands of genes on a chromosome
-chromosomes are long strands of DNA all bunched up

26
Q

where do you find DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

in the nucleus

27
Q

where do you find DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

A

in the cytoplasm

28
Q

what macromolecule is DNA?

A

nucleic acid

29
Q

what is the monomer of DNA?

A

nucleotides

biology (11 decks)

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