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test 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

all of the chemical reactions within each cell of an organism that provided key energy for life’s processes and creates key molecules

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2
Q

chemical reactions

A

the breaking and forming of bonds between different substances during chemical changes that absorb or release

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3
Q

catabolic

A

breaks down larger molecules into simpler compounds and releases energy in exergonic

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4
Q

anabolic

A

builds molecules from smaller ones to larger compounds and requires consuming energy to do so (endergonic)

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5
Q

activation energy

A

the amount of energy needed to makes a chemical reaction start

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6
Q

reactant

A

substrate, stubstances that are changed during a chemical reaction (starting substances)

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7
Q

products

A

substances that are made by a chemical reaction (ending substances)

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8
Q

endothermic

A

absorbs energy in the form of heat or light (ex. photosynthesis, more energy in products than reactants)

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9
Q

exothermic

A

releases energy in the form of heat or light (ex. cellular respiration, less energy in products than reactants)

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10
Q

enzyme

A

mostly proteins that speed up biochemical reactsions without being permanently changed (only biochemical)

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11
Q

catalyst

A

substances that speed up chemical reactions without being permanently changed (not biochemical)

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12
Q

active site

A

location on an enzyme where the substrate binds that fits only one substrate

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13
Q

denaturation

A

when an enzyme’s active site get dermoed and loses its specific chape and in turn its biological activity (caused by enviromental changes like pH, temp, solubility, and ion strength)

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14
Q

how does energy change during a chemical reaction as bonds are broken?

A

energy is absorbed as bonds are broken (all chemical reactions absorb and release, but this mainly absorbs)

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15
Q

how does energy change during a chemical reaction as bonds are formed?

A

energy is generally releaed as bonds are formed (all reactions absorb and release, but this mainly releases)

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16
Q

what is the function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

A

enzymes decrease the amound of activation energy in biochemical reactions, speeding up the chemical reaction and making it easier for bonds to be broken and formed

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17
Q

describe an exothermic reaction (as shown in a diagram)

A

the reactants have less energy than the products, examples of reactants would be H20 and CO2, there is a big bump of activation energy then a slight decrease and your products- ex. glucose

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18
Q

describe an endothermic reaction (as shown in a diagram)

A

there is more energy in the reactants than products, an example of a reactant would be glucose, there is a slight bump of activation energy, then a big decrease and your products- CO2 and H2O

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19
Q

what is an enzyme represented by in a diagram of a chemical reaction?

A

a dotted line placed halfway up the activation energy

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20
Q

describe what an enzyme substrate complex lookes like as a diagram

A

top triangle is the substrate product, 3-d looking “shadow” is the active site, triangle underneath in the enzyme

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21
Q

what are 4 enviromental changes that would cause the denaturation of an enzyme

A
  1. change pH
  2. temperature change
  3. ion strength
  4. solubility
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22
Q

list six factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. substrate concentration
  4. catalysts
  5. competitive inhibitor
  6. co-enzyme
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23
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

increasing the temperature increases the rate of the reaction (molecules are moving faster and colliding more)

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24
Q

how does pH affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

how acidic a solution is, most enzymes work at a very specific pH, so if it changes it can affect the speed of the reaction

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25
Q

how does substrate concentration affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

the higher amount of substrate, the faster the reaction due to more particles colliding

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26
Q

how do catalysts affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

(like enzymes) speed up reactions, lower activation energy need to start reaction

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27
Q

how do competitive inhibitors affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

slows down reaction, competes with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme

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28
Q

how do co-enzymes affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

molecule that works with an enzyme to help it function better, not a separate enzyme (speeds up reaction)

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29
Q

is fireflies giving off light an endothermic or exothermic reaction? explain

A

endothermic beause light is a form of energy and they take reactants with little to no energy and change them into light

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30
Q

can denaturation be reversed? explain

A

sometimes, some enzymes can be “renatured” to their orginal shape, but not always

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31
Q

what type of macromolecule are enzymes?

A

proteins

32
Q

name an example of an catabolic reaction

A

cell respiration

33
Q

name an example of an anabolic reaction

A

photosynthesis

34
Q

name 3 forms energy could be in

A

heat, light, work

35
Q

ATP

A

an energy- carrying molecule that stores energy for cell functions

36
Q

what is the purpose of ATP?

A

to power all of our body’s activites or chemical reactions and processes.

37
Q

describe the structure of ATP

A

adenine base, ribose ring, 3 phosphates with all the energy transfer occuring in the bond in between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate

38
Q

describe the ATP- ADP cycle

A
  1. a phosphate is released from the bond between the last two phosphates
  2. causes ATP to change into ADP
  3. the phosphate is given to another molecule to do work in the cell
  4. the phosphate grou pis added back changing ADP back into ATP
    (ADP is recycled, energy is not)
39
Q

what is the energy used for when a phosphate is removed?

A

the energy is used for cell processes and to do work

40
Q

where does the energy in the ADP- ATP cycle intially come from

A

our food (carbs, lipids, and proteins, but preferably glucose)

41
Q

is the overal process of breaking down ATP exothermic or endothermic? why?

A

exothermic, because more energy is given off then required to do the reactions

42
Q

is the overal process of forming ATP exothermic or endothermic? why?

A

endothermic, because energy is being used

43
Q

where does all energy ORIGINALLY come from?

A

the sun

44
Q

what is the only molecule that directly powers your body with energy

A

ATP

45
Q

what organelle makes ATP?

A

mitochondria

46
Q

what is and isn’t recycled in ADP?

A

ADP is recycled, energy is not recycled

47
Q

what side of the arrow are the reactants on?

A

left, ex ____ —> or <— _____

48
Q

what side of the arrow are the products on?

A

right, ex. ____ <—- or —-> ____

49
Q

what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

50
Q

what is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O

51
Q

where does the energy come from to attach a 3rd phosphate to ADP to make ATP?

A

broken down food

52
Q

homeostasis

A

need of an organism to stay stable by regulating internal conditions (ex. sweating)

53
Q

solute

A

what gets dissolved (ex. lemonade powder)

54
Q

solvent

A

does the dissolving (ex. water)

55
Q

solution

A

uniform mixture of two or more substances (ex. lemonade)

56
Q

concentration

A

amount of solute dissoved in solvent [ ]

57
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium in regards to homeostasis?

A

maintained, things in your body aren’t always the same, but they stay within a range

58
Q

what is static equilibruim in regards to homeostasis?

A

things in your body are always the same, they don’t change at all

59
Q

what is the relationship between response to stimuli and homeostasis?

A

organisms constantly take in stimuli and have to respond to them in order to maintain homeostasis
stimuli- change in enviroment
resonse- change in organism as a result

60
Q

what is a positive feedback loop? give two examples

A

output or product of a system intensified the response
(ex. human child labor, fruit ripenings)

61
Q

what is a negative feedback loop? give two examples

A

output or products causes a counter resonse to return a set point
(ex. human body temperature, water concentration, blood sugar regulation)

62
Q

what is passive transport?

A

requires no extra energy by the cells, molecules move from high concentration to low (down concentration gradient, ex. simple or facilitated diffusion, osmosis)

63
Q

what is active transport?

A

requires extra energy (ATP) to move materials, low to high concentration (against concentration gradient, ex. molecular pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis)

64
Q

what is the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis on a cellular level?

A

it controls movement of things in and out of the cell and it selectively permeable or extra picky about what goes in and out

65
Q

what substances can easily pass through the cell membrane easily and what cannot?

A

can- small molecules, nonpolar molecules, netrual molecules, hydrophobic molecules
cannot- polar molecules, large molecules

66
Q

what is an hypertonic solution?

A

water concentration is lower than that of the cell’s cytoplasm

67
Q

what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

it shrivels because water goes out of the cell

68
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

water concentration is higher than that of the cell’s cytoplasm

69
Q

what happens to cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

it swells and could possibly burst as water goes into it

70
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

identical water concentration

71
Q

what happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?

A

cell stays the same as water goes in and out at the same rate

72
Q

give an example of how your body maintains homeostasis

A

thermoregulation- sweating when hot, shivering when ocld

73
Q

what macromolecule helps in facilitated diffusion to get through the cell membrane?

A

proteins

74
Q

what organelle is critical for endo and exocytosis to occur?

A

vesicles

75
Q

what type of molecule is transported by molecular pumps?

A

ions

biology (11 decks)

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