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science midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

graduated cylinder

A

best for precisely measuring liquids in L

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2
Q

beaker

A

holds fluid, heating, not as precise

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3
Q

test tube

A

best for small chemical reastions, holds liquids

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4
Q

flask

A

holds fluid for mixing and heating

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5
Q

thermometer

A

measures temperatue in degrees Celcius

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6
Q

electronic balance

A

measures mass in grams

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7
Q

meter stick

A

measures distance in meters

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8
Q

microscope

A

used for looking at things closely such as cells, tissues, and small organisms

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9
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prdiction based on observations that descrives a cause and effect and relationshp between variables

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10
Q

independent variable

A

what the expierementer will deliberatley change or manipulate in the investigation (x-axis, cause)

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11
Q

dependent variable

A

what changes in response to the independent variable (y-axis, effect)

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12
Q

control group

A

group used for comparison with your expieremental groups (“normal group”)

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13
Q

experimental group

A

groups that are being tested/ manipulated

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14
Q

constants

A

the aspecs of an expierement that are held constant, make data more reliable

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15
Q

give an example of a hypothesis with the IV amound of hunters and DV population of deer

A

if there are more hunters, then the population of deer will decrease

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16
Q

if you are doing an expierement on how caffiene affects the breathing rate of goldfish and you select 5 goldfish all of similar size and gender, put them in separate beakers filled with water from the same tank, record the breathing rates of one and put caffiene in and do the same for the others what are the IV, DV, constants, control group, and hypothesis?

A

IV- amount of caffiene
DV- breathing rate of goldfish
constants- similar size goldsfish, same gender, water from same tank
control group- beaker with no caffiene
hypothesis- the more caffiene in the goldfish’s water, the higher its breathing rate will be

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17
Q

what is the goal of technological design?

A

to create a product that will help society

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18
Q

what are the four steps of technological design?

A

-identify a problem
-design a solution
-build and test
-evaluate

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19
Q

what are some considerations when doing technological design?

A

constraints such as time, money, and materials

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20
Q

what is a carbohydrates monomer?

A

monosaccharides

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21
Q

what is the energy use/ gram of carbs?

A

4 cal/gram

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22
Q

what is a carbohydrates polymer?

A

polysaccharides

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23
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates?

A

short term energy storage

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24
Q

what is a lipid’s monomer?

A

fatty acids

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25
Q

what is a lipid’s polymer?

A

triglycerides

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26
Q

what is the energy use/ gram of carbs?

A

4 cal/gram

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27
Q

what is the function of lipids?

A

long term energy storage

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28
Q

what is the energy use/gram for lipids

A

9 cal/gram

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29
Q

what is a protien’s monomer?

A

amino acid

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30
Q

what is a protein’s polymer?

A

polypeptide

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31
Q

what is the function of a protein?

A

everything- enzymes, hormones, structure, transport, etc.

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32
Q

what is the energy storage/gram of proteins?

A

4 cal/gram

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33
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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34
Q

what is the polymer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleic acids

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35
Q

what is the function of nucleic acids?

A

store and transmit genetic info for making proteins

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36
Q

what is the energy use/gram of nucleic acids?

A

0 cal/gram

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37
Q

what are the three principles of cell theory?

A

-cells are the most basic unit of life
-all cells have genetic material, cytoplasm, cell membranes, and ribosomes
-all cells come from other cells

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38
Q

organelles

A

specialized structures within the cell that help the cell function

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39
Q

mitosis

A

the division of the nucleus

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40
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division, regulation of the cell breaks down by mutating DNA

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41
Q

list some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes:
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
-unicellular
-divide or reporduce by binary fission
-bacteria

both:
-genetic material
-ribosomes
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm

eukaryotes
-nuclues
-membrane bound organelles
-unicellular or multicellular
-divide or reproduce by mitosis
-plants, fungi, animals

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42
Q

chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis (only plants)

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43
Q

mitochondria

A

cell respiration

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44
Q

central vacuole

A

stores stuff (only plants)

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45
Q

smooth ER

A

makes lipids

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46
Q

ribosomes

A

makes proteins

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47
Q

rough ER

A

makes proteins

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48
Q

nucleolous

A

makes RNA

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49
Q

nucleus

A

holds DNA

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50
Q

golgi apparatus

A

packages and ships

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51
Q

cell wall

A

provides structure (only plant)

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52
Q

cell membrane

A

controls what goes in and out

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53
Q

flagella

A

move cell (only animal)

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54
Q

cillia

A

move fluid (only animal)

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55
Q

lysosomes

A

breaks down dead stuff (only animal)

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56
Q

centrioles/ centromeres

A

pull chromosomes apart in cell division (only animal)

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57
Q

what is special about the cell membrane?

A

it is selectively permeable meaning it is extra picky about what goes in and out

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58
Q

what can pass through the cell membrane easily?

A

small, nonpolar, hydrophobic, neutral molecules, water

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59
Q

what cannot pass through the cell membrane easily?

A

polar, large molecules

60
Q

what are all types of transport into and out of the cell classified as?

A

passivge or active

61
Q

what is the cell membrane also known as?

A

the phospolipid bilayer

62
Q

osmosis

A

the simple diffusion of water molecules across a membrane (down concentration gradient)

63
Q

diffusion

A

the spreading out of molecules across a membrane (down concentration gradient)

64
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a transport protein helps facilitate the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn’t pass through the membrane (down concentration gradient)

65
Q

active transport

A

requres extra energy to move molecules in or out because it goes against the concentration gradient

66
Q

passive transport

A

re

67
Q

passive transport

A

requres no extra energy to move molecules in or out because it moves down the concentration gradient

68
Q

endocytosis

A

uses vesicles to move large particles into the cell

69
Q

exocytosis

A

uses vesicles ot move large paticles out of the cell

70
Q

is facilitated diffusion passive or active transport?

A

passive

71
Q

what is an example of a molecule that is transported through facilitated diffusion and how does this help maintain homeostasis?

A

glucose, regulates blood sugar

72
Q

is endocytosis active or passive transport?

A

active

73
Q

what is an example of a substance transported through endocytosis and how does it help maintain homeostasis?

A

capturing bacteria, keeps you from getting sick

74
Q

is exocytosis passive or active transport?

A

active

75
Q

what an example of a substance transported through exocytosis and how does it help maintain homeostasis?

A

neurotransmitters, send signals to the brain to get you to do all your functions

76
Q

is osmosis passive or active transport?

A

passive

77
Q

what is an example of a substance transported throug osmosis and how does it help maintain homeostasis?

A

water, controls blood pressure by regulating blood volume

78
Q

is simple diffusion passive or active transport?

A

passive

79
Q

what is an example of a substance transported through simple diffusion and how does it help maintain homeostasis?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide, ensures every cell in oxygenated

80
Q

is molecular/ion pumps active or passive transport?

A

active

81
Q

what is an example of a substance transported through ion pumps and how does it help maintain homeostasis?

A

potassium, soduim, muscle contractions and nerve signal conduction

82
Q

what is the purpose of cell division?

A

when your body/ somatic cells need to grow and repair

83
Q

what are the main steps of cell division?

A

-interphase
-mitosis
-cytokinesis

84
Q

list and describe the steps of interphase

A

G1- cell grows and makes proteins
S- replication occurs, doubling # of chromosmes
G2- more cell growth and protein synthesis

85
Q

what phase do cells spend 95% of their time in?

A

interphase

86
Q

what is mitosis and waht are the steps?

A

-the divsion of the cell’s nuclues into two nucleuses
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

87
Q

what other phase is cytokinesis often combines with and why?

A

mitosis because it occurs at the same time

88
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

the divisoin of the cytoplasm

89
Q

what happens in prophatse of mitosis?

A

-chromosome condense and are visible as sister chromatids
-nuclear membrane dissappears
-spindle fibers form out of centrioles

90
Q

what happens in metaphase of mitosis?

A

-spinder fibers connect to the centromeres of each chromosme
-chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

91
Q

what happens in anaphase of mitosis?

A

-sister chromatids separate pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes
-chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell

92
Q

what happens in telphase of mitosis?

A

-chromosomes decondense and start to look like chromatin again
-nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes at each end
-spindle fibers break down
-cytokinsesis begins

93
Q

when do tumors happen and what are they?

A

-result when the cell cycle is out of control
-a lump of cells that divides uncontrollably

94
Q

what are the two forms of tumors?

A

-benign wihc are clustered together and might be harmless and easily removed
-malignant which break away and move to other parts of the body

95
Q

reactants

A

substances that are changed during a chemical reaction

96
Q

products

A

substances that are made by a chemical reaction

97
Q

endothermic reaction

A

absorbs energy in the form of heat or light

98
Q

exothermic reaction

A

releases energy in the form of heat or light

99
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

does not require oxygen (fermentation)

100
Q

aerobic respiration

A

requries oxygen

101
Q

activation energy

A

the amount of energy needed ot make a chemical reaction start

102
Q

substrate

A

reactants that use an enzymes

103
Q

enzymes

A

mostly proteins taht speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy

104
Q

active site

A

locatoinon anenzyme where the substrate binds that fits only one substrate

105
Q

denaturation

A

when an enzymes’ active site gets deformed and loses its specific shape and in turn it biochemcial activity

106
Q

is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?

A

endothermic

107
Q

is cellular respiratoin endothermic or exothermic?

A

exothermic

108
Q

how does an exothermic reaction’s energy go as the reaction occurs?

A

it starts from high energy, goes up for the activatoin energy, and goes lower than ever for the end

109
Q

how does an endothermic eactoin’s energy go as the reaction occurs?

A

it startw with low energy, goes way up for the activation energy, and ends h8igher tahn the beginning

110
Q

how does energy from the sun turn into a form we can use?

A

plants use photosynthesis to change it into glucose, we eat plants and use cellular respiration to turn it into ATP

111
Q

give an example of a trophic pyramid

A

grass- producer, level 1, 100% energy available
grasshopper- primary consumer, level 2, 10% energy available
mouse- secondary consumer- level 3, 1% energy available
owl- tertiary consumer, level 4, 0.1% energy available

112
Q

photosynthesis eqation

A

6H2O + 6CO2 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

113
Q

what is another name form the light dependent reaction of photsynthesis?

A

ETC

114
Q

what is another name form the light dependent reaction of photsynthesis?

A

ETC

115
Q

wehre does the ETC of photsyntesis occur?

A

thylakoid membran/ garna

116
Q

what is used in the ETC of photosynthesis?

A

sunlight

117
Q

what is made in the ETC of photosynthesis?

A

O2

118
Q

what is another name for the light independent reaction?

A

the calvin cycle

119
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur?

A

the stroma (liquid portion)

120
Q

what is used in the calvin cycle?

A

CO2

121
Q

what is made in the calvin cycle?

A

C6H12O6

122
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the splitting of the 6-carbon molecule of glucose into 2- 3 carbon moleculews called pyruvates

123
Q

what is the equation ofr celelular respiratoin?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6CO2

124
Q

what is the first step in cellular respiratoin?

A

the krebs cyle/citric acid cycle

125
Q

where doe sthe krebs cycle occur?

A

in the mitochondria matrix (liquid portion)

126
Q

what is used int eh krebs cycle?

A

2 pyruvates

127
Q

what is made in the krebs cycle

A

CO2 (and also 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH2)

128
Q

what is the second step in cellular respiration?

A

the ETC

129
Q

where does the ETC of cellular respiration occur?

A

int eh inner membrane (cristae)

130
Q

what is used in the ETC of cellular respiratoin?

A

O2, NADH, and FADH2

131
Q

what is made in the ETC of cellular respiratoin?

A

34 ATP and H2O

132
Q

what is lactic acid fermentation?

A

it occurs in bacteria and animal cells turns pyruvates into lactic acid and 2 ATP

133
Q

what is alchohol fermentation?

A

it occurs in yeast and turns pyruvates into alcohol, carbon dioxide, and 2 ATP

134
Q

how much TP is produced in aerobic respiraton vs. anaerobic respiraton?

A

aerobic- 36-38
anaerobic- 2-4

135
Q

what is DNA replication and when and where does it occur?

A

-the process of creating 2 identical DNA molecules
-S phase of INterphase
-Nuclues

136
Q

what is a gene?

A

a section of DNA with instructions for coding for proteins

137
Q

what is semi-conservative replication?

A

when part of the orignial molecule is saved or soncerved

138
Q

nucleuotides

A

the monomer of nucleic acids

139
Q

what are the three parts of nucleotides?

A

-sugar
-phosphate
-nitrogen base

140
Q

what is the usgar for DNA?

A

deoxyribose

141
Q

what is the sugar ofr RNA?

A

ribose

142
Q

what are the nitrogen bases of DNA?

A

-adenine
-thymine
-cytosine
-guanine

143
Q

what are the nitrogen bases of RNA?

A

-adenine
-uracil
-cytosine
-guanine

144
Q

what is the structuer of DNA?

A

double helix

145
Q

where aer the covalent bonds in DNA and why are they important?

A

-nucleotides
-they are strong and you have to keep the order of the nitrogenbases in order because that is what codes for a protein

146
Q

where are the hydrogen bonds in DNA and why are they important?

A

-in betwseen nitrogen bases
-because they are weak and we hae ot have some place to unzip the DNA for dna replication

147
Q

what are the steps of DNA replication?

A

-unzip the DNA in between the nitrogenbases
-enzymes find complemntary base pairs and pair them sccording to base pairing rules
-you end up with 2 identical DNA molecules

biology (11 decks)

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