science midterm Flashcards
graduated cylinder
best for precisely measuring liquids in L
beaker
holds fluid, heating, not as precise
test tube
best for small chemical reastions, holds liquids
flask
holds fluid for mixing and heating
thermometer
measures temperatue in degrees Celcius
electronic balance
measures mass in grams
meter stick
measures distance in meters
microscope
used for looking at things closely such as cells, tissues, and small organisms
hypothesis
testable prdiction based on observations that descrives a cause and effect and relationshp between variables
independent variable
what the expierementer will deliberatley change or manipulate in the investigation (x-axis, cause)
dependent variable
what changes in response to the independent variable (y-axis, effect)
control group
group used for comparison with your expieremental groups (“normal group”)
experimental group
groups that are being tested/ manipulated
constants
the aspecs of an expierement that are held constant, make data more reliable
give an example of a hypothesis with the IV amound of hunters and DV population of deer
if there are more hunters, then the population of deer will decrease
if you are doing an expierement on how caffiene affects the breathing rate of goldfish and you select 5 goldfish all of similar size and gender, put them in separate beakers filled with water from the same tank, record the breathing rates of one and put caffiene in and do the same for the others what are the IV, DV, constants, control group, and hypothesis?
IV- amount of caffiene
DV- breathing rate of goldfish
constants- similar size goldsfish, same gender, water from same tank
control group- beaker with no caffiene
hypothesis- the more caffiene in the goldfish’s water, the higher its breathing rate will be
what is the goal of technological design?
to create a product that will help society
what are the four steps of technological design?
-identify a problem
-design a solution
-build and test
-evaluate
what are some considerations when doing technological design?
constraints such as time, money, and materials
what is a carbohydrates monomer?
monosaccharides
what is the energy use/ gram of carbs?
4 cal/gram
what is a carbohydrates polymer?
polysaccharides
what is the function of carbohydrates?
short term energy storage
what is a lipid’s monomer?
fatty acids
what is a lipid’s polymer?
triglycerides
what is the energy use/ gram of carbs?
4 cal/gram
what is the function of lipids?
long term energy storage
what is the energy use/gram for lipids
9 cal/gram
what is a protien’s monomer?
amino acid
what is a protein’s polymer?
polypeptide
what is the function of a protein?
everything- enzymes, hormones, structure, transport, etc.
what is the energy storage/gram of proteins?
4 cal/gram
what is the monomer of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
what is the polymer of nucleic acids?
nucleic acids
what is the function of nucleic acids?
store and transmit genetic info for making proteins
what is the energy use/gram of nucleic acids?
0 cal/gram
what are the three principles of cell theory?
-cells are the most basic unit of life
-all cells have genetic material, cytoplasm, cell membranes, and ribosomes
-all cells come from other cells
organelles
specialized structures within the cell that help the cell function
mitosis
the division of the nucleus
cancer
uncontrolled cell division, regulation of the cell breaks down by mutating DNA
list some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes:
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
-unicellular
-divide or reporduce by binary fission
-bacteria
both:
-genetic material
-ribosomes
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm
eukaryotes
-nuclues
-membrane bound organelles
-unicellular or multicellular
-divide or reproduce by mitosis
-plants, fungi, animals
chloroplasts
photosynthesis (only plants)
mitochondria
cell respiration
central vacuole
stores stuff (only plants)
smooth ER
makes lipids
ribosomes
makes proteins
rough ER
makes proteins
nucleolous
makes RNA
nucleus
holds DNA
golgi apparatus
packages and ships
cell wall
provides structure (only plant)
cell membrane
controls what goes in and out
flagella
move cell (only animal)
cillia
move fluid (only animal)
lysosomes
breaks down dead stuff (only animal)
centrioles/ centromeres
pull chromosomes apart in cell division (only animal)
what is special about the cell membrane?
it is selectively permeable meaning it is extra picky about what goes in and out
what can pass through the cell membrane easily?
small, nonpolar, hydrophobic, neutral molecules, water
what cannot pass through the cell membrane easily?
polar, large molecules
what are all types of transport into and out of the cell classified as?
passivge or active
what is the cell membrane also known as?
the phospolipid bilayer
osmosis
the simple diffusion of water molecules across a membrane (down concentration gradient)
diffusion
the spreading out of molecules across a membrane (down concentration gradient)
facilitated diffusion
a transport protein helps facilitate the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn’t pass through the membrane (down concentration gradient)
active transport
requres extra energy to move molecules in or out because it goes against the concentration gradient
passive transport
re
passive transport
requres no extra energy to move molecules in or out because it moves down the concentration gradient
endocytosis
uses vesicles to move large particles into the cell
exocytosis
uses vesicles ot move large paticles out of the cell
is facilitated diffusion passive or active transport?
passive
what is an example of a molecule that is transported through facilitated diffusion and how does this help maintain homeostasis?
glucose, regulates blood sugar
is endocytosis active or passive transport?
active
what is an example of a substance transported through endocytosis and how does it help maintain homeostasis?
capturing bacteria, keeps you from getting sick
is exocytosis passive or active transport?
active
what an example of a substance transported through exocytosis and how does it help maintain homeostasis?
neurotransmitters, send signals to the brain to get you to do all your functions
is osmosis passive or active transport?
passive
what is an example of a substance transported throug osmosis and how does it help maintain homeostasis?
water, controls blood pressure by regulating blood volume
is simple diffusion passive or active transport?
passive
what is an example of a substance transported through simple diffusion and how does it help maintain homeostasis?
oxygen and carbon dioxide, ensures every cell in oxygenated
is molecular/ion pumps active or passive transport?
active
what is an example of a substance transported through ion pumps and how does it help maintain homeostasis?
potassium, soduim, muscle contractions and nerve signal conduction
what is the purpose of cell division?
when your body/ somatic cells need to grow and repair
what are the main steps of cell division?
-interphase
-mitosis
-cytokinesis
list and describe the steps of interphase
G1- cell grows and makes proteins
S- replication occurs, doubling # of chromosmes
G2- more cell growth and protein synthesis
what phase do cells spend 95% of their time in?
interphase
what is mitosis and waht are the steps?
-the divsion of the cell’s nuclues into two nucleuses
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
what other phase is cytokinesis often combines with and why?
mitosis because it occurs at the same time
what is cytokinesis?
the divisoin of the cytoplasm
what happens in prophatse of mitosis?
-chromosome condense and are visible as sister chromatids
-nuclear membrane dissappears
-spindle fibers form out of centrioles
what happens in metaphase of mitosis?
-spinder fibers connect to the centromeres of each chromosme
-chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
what happens in anaphase of mitosis?
-sister chromatids separate pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes
-chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
what happens in telphase of mitosis?
-chromosomes decondense and start to look like chromatin again
-nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes at each end
-spindle fibers break down
-cytokinsesis begins
when do tumors happen and what are they?
-result when the cell cycle is out of control
-a lump of cells that divides uncontrollably
what are the two forms of tumors?
-benign wihc are clustered together and might be harmless and easily removed
-malignant which break away and move to other parts of the body
reactants
substances that are changed during a chemical reaction
products
substances that are made by a chemical reaction
endothermic reaction
absorbs energy in the form of heat or light
exothermic reaction
releases energy in the form of heat or light
anaerobic respiration
does not require oxygen (fermentation)
aerobic respiration
requries oxygen
activation energy
the amount of energy needed ot make a chemical reaction start
substrate
reactants that use an enzymes
enzymes
mostly proteins taht speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy
active site
locatoinon anenzyme where the substrate binds that fits only one substrate
denaturation
when an enzymes’ active site gets deformed and loses its specific shape and in turn it biochemcial activity
is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?
endothermic
is cellular respiratoin endothermic or exothermic?
exothermic
how does an exothermic reaction’s energy go as the reaction occurs?
it starts from high energy, goes up for the activatoin energy, and goes lower than ever for the end
how does an endothermic eactoin’s energy go as the reaction occurs?
it startw with low energy, goes way up for the activation energy, and ends h8igher tahn the beginning
how does energy from the sun turn into a form we can use?
plants use photosynthesis to change it into glucose, we eat plants and use cellular respiration to turn it into ATP
give an example of a trophic pyramid
grass- producer, level 1, 100% energy available
grasshopper- primary consumer, level 2, 10% energy available
mouse- secondary consumer- level 3, 1% energy available
owl- tertiary consumer, level 4, 0.1% energy available
photosynthesis eqation
6H2O + 6CO2 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
what is another name form the light dependent reaction of photsynthesis?
ETC
what is another name form the light dependent reaction of photsynthesis?
ETC
wehre does the ETC of photsyntesis occur?
thylakoid membran/ garna
what is used in the ETC of photosynthesis?
sunlight
what is made in the ETC of photosynthesis?
O2
what is another name for the light independent reaction?
the calvin cycle
where does the calvin cycle occur?
the stroma (liquid portion)
what is used in the calvin cycle?
CO2
what is made in the calvin cycle?
C6H12O6
what is glycolysis?
the splitting of the 6-carbon molecule of glucose into 2- 3 carbon moleculews called pyruvates
what is the equation ofr celelular respiratoin?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6CO2
what is the first step in cellular respiratoin?
the krebs cyle/citric acid cycle
where doe sthe krebs cycle occur?
in the mitochondria matrix (liquid portion)
what is used int eh krebs cycle?
2 pyruvates
what is made in the krebs cycle
CO2 (and also 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH2)
what is the second step in cellular respiration?
the ETC
where does the ETC of cellular respiration occur?
int eh inner membrane (cristae)
what is used in the ETC of cellular respiratoin?
O2, NADH, and FADH2
what is made in the ETC of cellular respiratoin?
34 ATP and H2O
what is lactic acid fermentation?
it occurs in bacteria and animal cells turns pyruvates into lactic acid and 2 ATP
what is alchohol fermentation?
it occurs in yeast and turns pyruvates into alcohol, carbon dioxide, and 2 ATP
how much TP is produced in aerobic respiraton vs. anaerobic respiraton?
aerobic- 36-38
anaerobic- 2-4
what is DNA replication and when and where does it occur?
-the process of creating 2 identical DNA molecules
-S phase of INterphase
-Nuclues
what is a gene?
a section of DNA with instructions for coding for proteins
what is semi-conservative replication?
when part of the orignial molecule is saved or soncerved
nucleuotides
the monomer of nucleic acids
what are the three parts of nucleotides?
-sugar
-phosphate
-nitrogen base
what is the usgar for DNA?
deoxyribose
what is the sugar ofr RNA?
ribose
what are the nitrogen bases of DNA?
-adenine
-thymine
-cytosine
-guanine
what are the nitrogen bases of RNA?
-adenine
-uracil
-cytosine
-guanine
what is the structuer of DNA?
double helix
where aer the covalent bonds in DNA and why are they important?
-nucleotides
-they are strong and you have to keep the order of the nitrogenbases in order because that is what codes for a protein
where are the hydrogen bonds in DNA and why are they important?
-in betwseen nitrogen bases
-because they are weak and we hae ot have some place to unzip the DNA for dna replication
what are the steps of DNA replication?
-unzip the DNA in between the nitrogenbases
-enzymes find complemntary base pairs and pair them sccording to base pairing rules
-you end up with 2 identical DNA molecules
