Test 4.5 Flashcards
What are the two components of metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
What is catabolism
- is the breakdown of organic substrates
* releases energy used to synthesize high-energy compounds
What is anabolism
- is the synthesis of new organic molecules
* an “uphill” process that forms new chemical bonds
All carbs are converted into?
Glucose and then broken down further (glycolysis) or built up into glycogen
What must happen to obtain ATP
We must run the citric acid cycle and electron transport system with broken down glucose
What are the four steps of cellular metabolism
- Metabolic turnover
- growth and cell division
- special processes, such as secretion, contraction, and propagation of action potentials
- store nutrient reserves( for starvation)
What are carbohydrates (Glucose)
- can be chained together to form glycogen and store
* can be broken down in pyruvate and used to make ATP
What are lipids (fatty acids)
- can be built together into storage lipids, triglycerides
* can be broken down and used to make ATP
What are proteins
- most abundant organic component in body; most often we synthesize new proteins be perform many vital function
- proteins are rarely broken down
What’s the body’s last choice as fuel
Proteins
What are proteins broken down into
Amino acids
Where do useful protein products enter
Citric acid cycle
Where are all nutrients funneled into
Citric acid cycle to make ATP
After digestion and absorption nutrients that can be used by cells are distributed where?
Throughout the body by bloodstream
Once nutrients are inside the cell what happens
They are anabolized or catabolized
If fatty acids are anabolized what are they converted to
Triglycerides
Is glucose is anabolized what is it coverted to
Glycogen
If amino acids are anabolized what are they converted to
Proteins
What is metabolism
Refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in the body and includes both catabolism and anabolism
What does carbohydrate metabolism include
- Generates ATP and other high-energy compounds
- begins with glycolysis which yeilds 2 pyruvates
- Most ATPs are made in the final process, the electron transport system
What is glycolysis
Multistep process to break glucose down into 2 pyruvate molecules
Complete metabolism of one glucose molecule yeilds how many ATPs
36 ATPs
What does steps 1 and 2 of glycolysis cost
Cost the cell 2 ATP
How many step process is gycolysis
7 step process to break glucose down into 2 pyruvate molecules
What does step 7 of glycolysis produce
2 ATP molecules
Where is most ATP made in?
Electron transport system
What happens after glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
What is the citric acid cycle
The 2 pyruvates made from glucose now run the citric acid cycle. From 2 turns of the citric acid cycle we get 2 more ATPs, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH. The NADH and FADHs will run the Electron transport system and make us more ATPs
What is oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport system
- utilizes carrier proteins and hydrogen gradients
- generates ATP from NADH and FADH
- requires coenzymes and oxygen
- produces more than 90% of ATP used by body
- ETS happens in the mitochondria
Where is hydrogen pulled from
NADH AND FADH molecules
For every 6 H pumped across the mitochondria what happens to ATP
3 ATPs are yeilded
What is the total yield from citric acid to ETS
28 ATP
What does NADHs produce
3 ATP + 1 H2O
What does FADHs produce
2 ATP + 1 H2O
summarize ATP production
For one glucose molecule processed, cell gains 36 molecule of ATP •2 from glycolysis •4 from NADH generated in glycolysis •2 from citric acid cycle •28 from ETS
