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Bio 141 > Final 4.7 > Flashcards

Final 4.7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does a steroid hormone start with

A

Cholesterol molecule

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2
Q

If thyroid hormone is low what is the pathway or the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus —> Thyroid releasing hormone –> anterior pituitary—> thyroid stimulating hormone –>target organ–>specific hormone —>regulate metabolism

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does sperm have

A

23

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4
Q

True or false

Insulin is a protein hormone

A

True

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5
Q

What is the male response for plateau

A 
-ejection maintained
    •color deepens
-urethral bulb enlarges (3x)
-preorgasmic emission
    •Cowper's gland (pre ejaculatory fluid) or a few drops of semen
-prostate enlarges
-sex flush spreads 
-HR, BP, and BR increase, more myotonia
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6
Q

What does the male response for orgasm

A 
-involuntary muscle contraction
     •clutching and clawing of hand/feet
-HR, BP, BR peak
-sex flush peaks 
-Ejaculation (optional)
    •expulsion if semen
    •reflex with 2 stages
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7
Q

What are the two relax phases with orgasm

A

Emission stage

Expulsion state

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8
Q

What is the emission stage

A
  • controlled by sympathetic nervous system
  • smooth muscle contraction in testes walls, ducts and glands
  • semen enter urethral buld
  • urinary sphincter contracts closes off bladder
  • oxytocin release
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9
Q

What is the expulsion state consist of

A
  • controlled by somatic nerves system (voluntary control)

- rhythmic contraction of penis and bulbocavernosus muscle

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10
Q

What does the resolution stage for male response consist of

A

-return to resting state
•erection lost
-priapism (ejection

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11
Q

How long during resolution does it take HR,BP, BR to return to normal

A

5 mins

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12
Q

How long for additional reduction in penis size, descent of testes and loss of nipple erection take

A

5min -2 hrs

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13
Q

What’s the function of the female reproduction system

A
  • produce female gametes and hormone
  • receive male gametes
  • protect and support developing embryo/fetus
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14
Q

What does the female internal anatomy consist of

A

Ovaries
-lumpy and almond shaped organ
•produce oocytes (eggs) and hormones

Uterine tubes AKA Fallopian oviducts
-facilitate egg transport toward uterus with peristaltic contraction and cilia

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15
Q

Where are eggs for females fertilized?

A

In uterine tube 1-2 days

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16
Q

Where must sperm meet an egg?

A

In the uterine tube

17
Q

Where do Zygote travels?

A

The uterus

18
Q

What does egg maturation consists of

A

-ovaries contain follicles
-follicle = little bag
•each oocytes is contained within a follicle
-granulosa-support cells (estrogen)
-theca- support cells androgens progesterone

19
Q

What are the 4 stages of growth for egg maturation

A

Primodial
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

20
Q

How long does primary follicle take for growth

A

4 months

21
Q

What does secondary follicles consist of

A

Become atretic and die or become a tertiary follicle

22
Q

What does tertiary follicle consist of

A

Grow until reaching graafian status

  • single Graafian follicle ruptures
  • ovulation; egg released
  • follicle leftover become a corpus luteum
23
Q

What is oogenesis

A

-process begins before birth in females
•meiosis 1 begins during fetal devolvement and then stops
-menarche-menopause restarts meiosis one batch of follicle/cycle
•start meiosis 2
•stop again
•undergo atresia or ovulation
•wait for sperm

24
Q

If fertization is then complete mesiosis 2 produces what?

A

Mature ovum

25
Q

What does oogenasis include that spermatogensis does not

A 
-meiosis 1 divides cytoplasm unevenly
   •produces
         -1 seconday oocyte and 1 polar body
-meiosis 2 divides cytoplasm unevenly
      •produces 
            -1 ootid and 1 polar body
26
Q

What does the uterus contain

A
  • thick, muscular chamber
  • site of embryo/fetal development
  • uterine layers
27
Q

What are the uterine layers in the uterus

A 
-perimetrium
    •outer layer
-myometrium
    •muscular layer
-endometrium
   •mucosal layer
   •extremely variable
28
Q

What does the functional zone in the endometrial layer consist of

A
  • changes with menstrual cycling

- constantly prepping for pregnancy

29
Q

What does the basilar zone consist of in the endometrial layer

A
  • always intact

- restores functional zone

30
Q

After how many days does ovulation occur

A

14 days

31
Q

After how many days does secretory phase occur

A

14 days

32
Q

After how many days does proliferative phase occur

A

7 days

33
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

When uterine lining is thickens

34
Q

When does menses occur

A

Occurs when follicles are still maturing

35
Q

How are GnRH, LH ,and FSH regulated in female reproductive system

A

Negatively regulated by estrogen feedback

36
Q

What happens prior to ovulation

A

Estrogen builds which positively regulates more LH release

- high estrogen
- LH spike (triggers ovulation)
37
Q

What does the vagina include

A
  • elastic muscular canal
  • functions
  • exit for fetus or menstrual fluid
  • entrance for male penis/gametes
38
Q

What does the external genitalia include

A
  • vulva
    • mons pubis
    • labia majora (scrotum)
    • labia minora (corpus spongeousum)
    • vestibule central space
    • urethral opening
      • skenes (prostate gland)
      • greater vestibule (bulbourethral gland)
      • clitoris (glans penis)
        • covered by hood

Bio 141 (30 decks)

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