Final 4.8 Flashcards
What is the humans sole purpose in life?
Reproduce
Males produce ________ in ______.
Gametes(sex cells)
Gonads
What does male gonads consist of
Test/testes
•secrete male sex hormone (androgens)
•produce male gametes (sperm)
What are the secondary structures in the male anatomy
-network of ducts
-accessory glands
•store, transport and support sperm
What does the testes and tubules consist of
•seminiferous tubules
•site of spermatogensis
-sperm production
•occurs via meiosis
-special type of cell division
-4 spermatids/division
-each contain 1/2 infraction needed to reproduce
-sperm maturation
•differentiation into mature sperm
•Entire process takes 2-3 months
Where is sperm formed?
In the walls of duct
What does sperm maturation consist of
- mature and move toward lumen of tubules
- “nursed” by nurse (sertoli) cells
- receive androgen from interstitial (leygid) cells
What is sperm production called and what does it include
•spermatogensis
-mesiosis 1 and 2
-final result in males
•4 spermatids
•resemble normal animal cells
What is sperm maturation called
Spermiogensis
What is the differentiation of spermatids
- acrosomal vesicles forms
- flagellum produced
- mitochondria gather around flagellum
- excess cytoplasm lost
What is spermiation
- release of sperm heads from sertoli (nurse) cells
- free to move through duct ( can now participate in ejculation and fertilization)
How does spermatid occur
Golgi apparatus + acrosomal vesicles —> acrosomal vesicle —-> acrosome—-> nucleus & acrosome
What’s the anatomy of spermatozoa
Head -nucleus and acrosome Mid-piece -mitochondria for energy Tail -whip-like -only flagellum in human body
What’s the next stop for sperm after the testis?
Epididymis —> vas deferens
What does the vas deferens include
-muscular tube; move sperm with peristalsis
-expands at end (ampulla)
•sperm storage
-connects to ejaculatory duct
•enters to prostate
•connects to urethra
What does the male urethra consist of
-shared structure in men •male urinary tract •male reporductive tract -passage for contents of ejaculatory duct and ureters - contains three different parts
What are the three different parts in the urethra
-prostatic urethra
•wrapped by prostate
•entrance for ejac duct
-membranous urethra
•crosses urogeniatal floor
-spongy urethra
•contained within penisWhat are the fluids composing semen in the accessory glands?
-seminal vesicles
•paired
•connect at ejac duct
-prostate gland
•chestnut shaped
•convergence point of urinary and male repro system
-bulbourethral(Cowpers) glands
•pairedWhat does sperm consist of
- 10% of semen
- 20-100 million /ml
- 187 million / ejaculatory
What does seminal vesicle consist of
60% of semen
- sticky, yellow fluid
- nutrient rich
What does prostate glands consist of
30% of semen
- thin, milky fluid
- good for swimming
What does bulbourethral glands consist of
- not semen
* preejaculatory fluid
Sperm production is tightly regulated by?
Brian structure and hormones
What does the hypothalamus regulate?
Body temp Thrust Hunger Sleep Stress Response Aggression Sexual behavior
What does the hypothalamus release?
Releases many hormones to active anterior pity rainy gland
-GnRH for reporductive function
What does the pituitary regulate
Regulates other endocrine glands
What does pituitary gland release
Release gonadotropins in response to GnRH
-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinzing hormone (LH)
How does gonadotropins travel in the pituitary gland
Via blood to endocrine organs (gonads)
If shutting off signal for negative feedback what has to happen
Endocrine organs signal back to pituitary and hypothalamus
During negative feedback what does inhibins block
FSH
What’s does the scrotum consist of
-pouch suspended from groin containing testes
-functions in temperature regulation
•critical for sperm viability
-wrapped in dartos and cremaster muscles
• Dartos contact with temp
•cremaster contracts with excitement, arousal or fear
What is the external anatomy of the penis
-glans penis
•covered by perpuce (foreskin)
-shaft
What is the internal anatomy of the penis
-composed of three cores of spongy tissue
•corpus cavernosum
-2 top of shaft
•corpus spongiosum
-bottom; wrap urethraWhat are the four phases of sexual response cycle
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasmic
Resolution
What is testosterone responsible for
For sex drive in both men and women
What are the male response for excitement
-Erection begin
•penis tumescence; increase in length and diameter
-vasocongestion
-blood vessels of the corpus cavernosa and spongiosum dilate
What is erection driven by for males during excitement
Parasympathetic nervous system
-must be in relaxes state
What does the parasympathetic nerves communicate to?
To vessels in corpus cavernosa and spongeoum to release nitrous oxide
What does nitrous oxide cause
Nitrous oxide ausea dilation of blood vessel
What happens during excitement in males
-urethral opening widens
-scrotal skin experiences vasocongestion
-cremaster contacts
-testes elevate
-relax can be activated by thigh stroke
-nipples become erect (60% of men)
-sex flush (50-60% of men)
•skin vasodilatation response
-myotonia
