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NURSING PATHO > TEST #4 > Flashcards

TEST #4 Flashcards

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1
Q

disuse atrophy

A

not using the muscle ; muscle shrinks

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2
Q

denervation atrophy

A

nothing to stimulate the muscle nerve; no stimulus

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3
Q

loss of movement

A

paralysis

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4
Q

1 limb is paralyzed

A

monoplegia

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5
Q

half of the body is paralyzed

A

hemiplagia

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6
Q

all four extremities are paralyzed

A

tetraplegia

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7
Q

waist down of the body is paralyzed

A

paraplegia

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8
Q

Normal size of the muscle

Assessed while muscle is at rest and during passive stretching

A

muscle bulk

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9
Q

(increase in muscle bulk with a proportionate increase in strength)

A

hypertrophy

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10
Q

increase in bulk without an increase strength

A

pseudohypertrophy

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11
Q

increase in bulk without an increase strength

A

pseudohypertrophy

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12
Q

what happens to the muscles in duchennes muscular dystrophy

A

pseudohypertrophy

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13
Q

normal state of muscle tension

A

muscle tone

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14
Q

decrease in muscle tension; loss of tone

A

hypotonia

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15
Q

muscle is very limp and soft

A

flaccid

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16
Q

increase in muscle tension; above the normal tone; increase in muscle tone but lack of flexibility

A

hypertonia

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17
Q

firmly fixed; stiff

A

rigidity

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18
Q

cog wheel effect; stop and go effect

A

lead pipe rigidity

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19
Q

Visible squirming and twitching movements of muscle fibers ~flickering under the skin

A

fasciculation

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20
Q

spinal reflex activity

hyperactive reflexes where

A

upper motor neurons

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21
Q

involuntary Rhythmic contraction altered with relaxation caused by sudden stretching a muscle and maintaining it in a stretched position

A

clonus

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22
Q

spinal reflex activity

hypoactive/ areflexia

A

lower motor neurons

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23
Q

system for position sense.

A

sensory system

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24
Q

system for position sense.

A

sensory system

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25
Q

for posture and balance

A

vestibular system

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26
Q

rhythmic movement and steady posture

A

cerebellar system

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27
Q

for muscle strength

A

motor system

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28
Q

coordination of four areas of the nervous system

A

sensory, vestibular, cerebellar, and motor system

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29
Q

the failure to accurately perform rapid alternating movements.

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

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30
Q

a wide-based, unsteady gait

A

ataxia

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31
Q

inaccuracies of movements leading to a failure to reach a specified target

A

dysmetria

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32
Q

abnormal writhing movements

A

chorea

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33
Q

abnormal simultaneous contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles, leading to abnormal postures

A

dystonia

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34
Q

involuntary jerking movement indicate abnormalities in the basal ganglia, although the exact localization may be difficult to determine.

A

myoclonus

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35
Q

when does disuse atrophy happen

A

chronic illness or immobilization ; stop this through PROM

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36
Q

characterized by progressive degeneration, necrosis of skeletal muscles fibers that control movement.

A

muscular dystrophy

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37
Q

what gives the muscle integrity

A

dystrophin

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38
Q

muscular dystrophy does not have what

A

dystrophin

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39
Q

how is duchennes muscular dystrophy passed

A

x-linked passed from mom to son

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40
Q

what causes duchennes

A

lack of the protein dystrophin

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41
Q

when will a boy expect to be in a wheelchair with duchennes

A

12 years old

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42
Q

1st and 2nd sign of duchennes

A

gowers

enlarged calf muscles - pseudohypertrophy

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43
Q

Genetic defect very similar to that in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but not as severe.

A

beckers muscular dystrophy

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44
Q

where does backers affect

A

muscles of hips, pelvic area, thighs and shoulders

45
Q 
longer life
affects men 
some use wheelchair some dont 
not as severe 
passed from mother to son 
lack of dystrophin
A

beckers muscular dystrophy

46
Q

how to diagnose muscular dystrophy

A

creatinine kinase CK is a protein released in muscle breakdown. levels are abnormally high but as disease progresses the levels decrease due to loss of muscle

47
Q

provide relief for inflamed areas of the body. They lessen swelling, redness, itching, and allergic reactions.

A

corticosteroids

48
Q

corticosteroids will do what the blood sugar in muscular dystrophy

A

increase it and may have to give insulin

49
Q

goal for muscular dystrophy

A

maintaining ambulation and preventing deformities

50
Q

where is the neuro muscular junction

A

synapse between the motor neuron and the neuromuscular fiber

51
Q

what is people lacking with neuromuscular junction disease

A

ACh; causes muscle contraction

52
Q

what breaks down ACh

A

Achesterase which allows for muscle contraction

53
Q

acts on the postjunctional membrane of the motor endplate to prevent the depolarizing effect of the neurotransmitter.

A

curare

54
Q

produce paralysis by blocking acetylcholine release.

A

Clostridium botulinum

55
Q

inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase and allow acetylcholine released from the motor neuron to accumulate.

A

Physostigmine and neostigmine

56
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

grave muscular weakness

57
Q

Disorder of the neuromuscular junction that affects impulse transmission between the motor neuron and the innervated muscle cell; loss of ACh receptors

A

myasthenia gravis

58
Q

who does myasthenia graves affect

A

women but after 50 years it affects men more

59
Q

usually small cell carcinoma; lung cancer

A

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

60
Q

first signs of myasthenia gravis

A

Eye and periorbital muscle ptosis

Diplopia-double vision

61
Q

Respiratory muscle weakness
Chewing
Swallowing
Weakness limbs proximal to distal

A

myasthenia gravis

62
Q

when are symptoms worse for m. gravis

A

better in the morning and as day goes on it gets worse

63
Q

what test is given for m. gravis

A

tensilon test ; facial ptosis will resolve 30 seconds given after if they are positive. only lasts about 5 minutes

64
Q

Rapid worsening of MG can lead to a serious and life-threatening situation
It is characterized by severe weakness of the bulbar (innervated by cranial nerves) and/or respiratory muscles, enough to cause respiratory failure that requires artificial airway or ventilatory support.

A

Myasthenic Crisis

65
Q

respiratory infections, aspiration, immunosuppressant drugs, corticosteroids can cause

A

Myasthenic Crisis

66
Q 
Dysphagia
Nasal regurgitation
Nasal or staccato speech
 Jaw or tongue weakness
Bifacial paresis. 
Bulbar muscle weakness
A

myasthenia crisis

67
Q

beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, magnesium, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics

A

increase myasthenia crisis

68
Q

muscle weakness with or without atrophy and sensory changes

A

disorders of the PNS

69
Q

the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

70
Q

Pain front of the wrist
Paresthesia and numbness of the thumb and first, second, third, and half of the fourth digits of the hand;
Pain in the wrist and hand, which worsens at night
Atrophy of the abductor pollicis muscle
Weakness in precision grip.

A

carpal tunnel

71
Q

carpal tunnel diagnosis

A

positive phalens maneuver

positive tinels sign

72
Q

an acute onset immune-mediated demyelinating neuropathy.

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

73
Q

causative factor of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

can follow the influenza vaccine; can be linked to infections

74
Q 
Ascending
Symmetrical flaccid paralysis
Paresthesia, numbness often accompany the loss of motor function
postural hypotension
sweating
urinary retention 
PAIN
A

guillain-barre syndrome

75
Q

most common places of pain for g. barre syndrome

A

shoulder girdle, back, and posterior thighs,

76
Q

most common symptom of herniated discs

A

pain, sciatica -back of leg and sole of foot

77
Q

Dysfunctional because of trauma, the effects of aging, or degenerative disorders of the spine.

A

herniated disc

78
Q

controls the movement; important in monitoring movement but is also important in cognitive movements

A

basal ganglia

79
Q

loss of dopaminergic neurons in the area of the brain known as the Substantia Nigra

A

parkinson disease

80
Q 
cogwheel
bradykinesia 
resting tremors
pill rolling 
Cognitive-affective symptoms and dementia
Autonomic-neuroendocrine symptoms
A

parkinson disease

81
Q 
Wide-eyed
Frequent drooling
Slow gait
Short, shuffling steps
Flexed and abducted arms
Slightly forward bending trunk
A

parkinson disease manifestations

82
Q

treatment of parkinson

A

levodopa

83
Q

within the CNS

A

upper motor neurons

84
Q

Is a degenerative disorder diffusely involving the lower and upper motor neurons.
Movement is more affected than the brain.

A

Lou Gehrig disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

85
Q 
Limb cramping or weakness 
Incoordination
Slurring of speech
Difficulty swallowing
Single muscle group paresis that spreads
Hypotonia
Fasciculations, along with fibrillations
A

ALS

86
Q

Autoimmune demyelinating disorder characterized by inflammation and selective destruction of CNS myelin.

A

multiple sclerosis

87
Q

how to know if a person has multiple sclerosis

A

lhermitte sign -electrical shock sensation down the neck and spine

88
Q 
tinnitus
diplopia
dysphagia
bladder problems 
weakness in lower extremities
A

multiple sclerosis

89
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

1-7

90
Q

throacic vertebrae

A

1-12

91
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

1-5

92
Q

sacral

A

1-5

93
Q

spinal cord injuries most common years

A

16-30 years of age

94
Q

causes of spinal cord injury 16-65 and 65 and above

A

car accidents
falls
gunshots

falls

95
Q

injuries C1-C3 you are

A

vent dependent

96
Q

spinal cord injury test

A

bulbocavernous reflex- stimulate the penis, anal, urethra, foley

97
Q

a symptom of a spinal cord injury

A

spinal shock

98
Q

Everyone who sustains an SCI experiences

A

some level of spinal shock.

99
Q

4 stages of spinal shock

A

hyporeflexia-Nerve cells become less responsive result in weakening/lack of reflexes below the injury site.
initial return of reflexes
hyperreflexia-These overactive reflexes may result in twitchy or spastic, uncontrollable movements.
continuation of hyperreflexia-Overactive reflexes persist and may result in spasticity due to changes in the neuronal cell bodies.

100
Q

whats the goal of spinal cord injury

A

reduce the neurologic deficit and prevent any additional loss of neurological function

101
Q

innervated by segments C3 to C5 through the phrenic nerves.

A

diaphragm - main muscle ventilation

102
Q

Vagal stimulation that causes a marked bradycardia

A

vasovagal response

103
Q

represents an acute episode of exaggerated sympathetic reflex responses that occur in persons with injuries at T6 and above, in which CNS control of spinal reflexes is lost

A

autonomic dysreflexia

104
Q 
hypertension 
bladder fullness
palor skin
cool and clammy
restrictive clothing 
bladder fullness
fecal impaction
A

autonomic dysreflexia

105
Q

what causes autonomic dysreflexia

A

bladder distension and constipation

106
Q

usually occurs in persons with injuries at T4 to T6 and above and is related to the interruption of descending control of sympathetic outflow to blood vessels in the extremities and abdomen.

A

postural hypotension

107
Q

autonomic dysreflexia vasodilation above injury

A

flushed face, high bp
increase sweating
decrease heart rate
headache

108
Q

autonomic dysreflexia vasoconstriction below injury

A

pale
cool
not sweating

NURSING PATHO (16 decks)

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