TEST #4 Flashcards
1
Q
disuse atrophy
A
not using the muscle ; muscle shrinks
2
Q
denervation atrophy
A
nothing to stimulate the muscle nerve; no stimulus
3
Q
loss of movement
A
paralysis
4
Q
1 limb is paralyzed
A
monoplegia
5
Q
half of the body is paralyzed
A
hemiplagia
6
Q
all four extremities are paralyzed
A
tetraplegia
7
Q
waist down of the body is paralyzed
A
paraplegia
8
Q
Normal size of the muscle
Assessed while muscle is at rest and during passive stretching
A
muscle bulk
9
Q
(increase in muscle bulk with a proportionate increase in strength)
A
hypertrophy
10
Q
increase in bulk without an increase strength
A
pseudohypertrophy
11
Q
increase in bulk without an increase strength
A
pseudohypertrophy
12
Q
what happens to the muscles in duchennes muscular dystrophy
A
pseudohypertrophy
13
Q
normal state of muscle tension
A
muscle tone
14
Q
decrease in muscle tension; loss of tone
A
hypotonia
15
Q
muscle is very limp and soft
A
flaccid
16
Q
increase in muscle tension; above the normal tone; increase in muscle tone but lack of flexibility
A
hypertonia
17
Q
firmly fixed; stiff
A
rigidity
18
Q
cog wheel effect; stop and go effect
A
lead pipe rigidity
19
Q
Visible squirming and twitching movements of muscle fibers ~flickering under the skin
A
fasciculation
20
Q
spinal reflex activity
hyperactive reflexes where
A
upper motor neurons
21
Q
involuntary Rhythmic contraction altered with relaxation caused by sudden stretching a muscle and maintaining it in a stretched position
A
clonus
22
Q
spinal reflex activity
hypoactive/ areflexia
A
lower motor neurons
23
Q
system for position sense.
A
sensory system
24
Q
system for position sense.
A
sensory system
25
for posture and balance
vestibular system
26
rhythmic movement and steady posture
cerebellar system
27
for muscle strength
motor system
28
coordination of four areas of the nervous system
sensory, vestibular, cerebellar, and motor system
29
the failure to accurately perform rapid alternating movements.
Dysdiadochokinesia
30
a wide-based, unsteady gait
ataxia
31
inaccuracies of movements leading to a failure to reach a specified target
dysmetria
32
abnormal writhing movements
chorea
33
abnormal simultaneous contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles, leading to abnormal postures
dystonia
34
involuntary jerking movement indicate abnormalities in the basal ganglia, although the exact localization may be difficult to determine.
myoclonus
35
when does disuse atrophy happen
chronic illness or immobilization ; stop this through PROM
36
characterized by progressive degeneration, necrosis of skeletal muscles fibers that control movement.
muscular dystrophy
37
what gives the muscle integrity
dystrophin
38
muscular dystrophy does not have what
dystrophin
39
how is duchennes muscular dystrophy passed
x-linked passed from mom to son
40
what causes duchennes
lack of the protein dystrophin
41
when will a boy expect to be in a wheelchair with duchennes
12 years old
42
1st and 2nd sign of duchennes
gowers
| enlarged calf muscles - pseudohypertrophy
43
Genetic defect very similar to that in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but not as severe.
beckers muscular dystrophy
44
where does backers affect
muscles of hips, pelvic area, thighs and shoulders
45
```
longer life
affects men
some use wheelchair some dont
not as severe
passed from mother to son
lack of dystrophin
```
beckers muscular dystrophy
46
how to diagnose muscular dystrophy
creatinine kinase CK is a protein released in muscle breakdown. levels are abnormally high but as disease progresses the levels decrease due to loss of muscle
47
provide relief for inflamed areas of the body. They lessen swelling, redness, itching, and allergic reactions.
corticosteroids
48
corticosteroids will do what the blood sugar in muscular dystrophy
increase it and may have to give insulin
49
goal for muscular dystrophy
maintaining ambulation and preventing deformities
50
where is the neuro muscular junction
synapse between the motor neuron and the neuromuscular fiber
51
what is people lacking with neuromuscular junction disease
ACh; causes muscle contraction
52
what breaks down ACh
Achesterase which allows for muscle contraction
53
acts on the postjunctional membrane of the motor endplate to prevent the depolarizing effect of the neurotransmitter.
curare
54
produce paralysis by blocking acetylcholine release.
Clostridium botulinum
55
inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase and allow acetylcholine released from the motor neuron to accumulate.
Physostigmine and neostigmine
56
Myasthenia Gravis
grave muscular weakness
57
Disorder of the neuromuscular junction that affects impulse transmission between the motor neuron and the innervated muscle cell; loss of ACh receptors
myasthenia gravis
58
who does myasthenia graves affect
women but after 50 years it affects men more
59
usually small cell carcinoma; lung cancer
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
60
first signs of myasthenia gravis
Eye and periorbital muscle ptosis
| Diplopia-double vision
61
Respiratory muscle weakness
Chewing
Swallowing
Weakness limbs proximal to distal
myasthenia gravis
62
when are symptoms worse for m. gravis
better in the morning and as day goes on it gets worse
63
what test is given for m. gravis
tensilon test ; facial ptosis will resolve 30 seconds given after if they are positive. only lasts about 5 minutes
64
Rapid worsening of MG can lead to a serious and life-threatening situation
It is characterized by severe weakness of the bulbar (innervated by cranial nerves) and/or respiratory muscles, enough to cause respiratory failure that requires artificial airway or ventilatory support.
Myasthenic Crisis
65
respiratory infections, aspiration, immunosuppressant drugs, corticosteroids can cause
Myasthenic Crisis
66
```
Dysphagia
Nasal regurgitation
Nasal or staccato speech
Jaw or tongue weakness
Bifacial paresis.
Bulbar muscle weakness
```
myasthenia crisis
67
beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, magnesium, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics
increase myasthenia crisis
68
muscle weakness with or without atrophy and sensory changes
disorders of the PNS
69
the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist
carpal tunnel syndrome
70
Pain front of the wrist
Paresthesia and numbness of the thumb and first, second, third, and half of the fourth digits of the hand;
Pain in the wrist and hand, which worsens at night
Atrophy of the abductor pollicis muscle
Weakness in precision grip.
carpal tunnel
71
carpal tunnel diagnosis
positive phalens maneuver
| positive tinels sign
72
an acute onset immune-mediated demyelinating neuropathy.
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
73
causative factor of Guillain-Barre Syndrome
can follow the influenza vaccine; can be linked to infections
74
```
Ascending
Symmetrical flaccid paralysis
Paresthesia, numbness often accompany the loss of motor function
postural hypotension
sweating
urinary retention
PAIN
```
guillain-barre syndrome
75
most common places of pain for g. barre syndrome
shoulder girdle, back, and posterior thighs,
76
most common symptom of herniated discs
pain, sciatica -back of leg and sole of foot
77
Dysfunctional because of trauma, the effects of aging, or degenerative disorders of the spine.
herniated disc
78
controls the movement; important in monitoring movement but is also important in cognitive movements
basal ganglia
79
loss of dopaminergic neurons in the area of the brain known as the Substantia Nigra
parkinson disease
80
```
cogwheel
bradykinesia
resting tremors
pill rolling
Cognitive-affective symptoms and dementia
Autonomic-neuroendocrine symptoms
```
parkinson disease
81
```
Wide-eyed
Frequent drooling
Slow gait
Short, shuffling steps
Flexed and abducted arms
Slightly forward bending trunk
```
parkinson disease manifestations
82
treatment of parkinson
levodopa
83
within the CNS
upper motor neurons
84
Is a degenerative disorder diffusely involving the lower and upper motor neurons.
Movement is more affected than the brain.
Lou Gehrig disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
85
```
Limb cramping or weakness
Incoordination
Slurring of speech
Difficulty swallowing
Single muscle group paresis that spreads
Hypotonia
Fasciculations, along with fibrillations
```
ALS
86
Autoimmune demyelinating disorder characterized by inflammation and selective destruction of CNS myelin.
multiple sclerosis
87
how to know if a person has multiple sclerosis
lhermitte sign -electrical shock sensation down the neck and spine
88
```
tinnitus
diplopia
dysphagia
bladder problems
weakness in lower extremities
```
multiple sclerosis
89
cervical vertebrae
1-7
90
throacic vertebrae
1-12
91
lumbar vertebrae
1-5
92
sacral
1-5
93
spinal cord injuries most common years
16-30 years of age
94
causes of spinal cord injury 16-65 and 65 and above
car accidents
falls
gunshots
falls
95
injuries C1-C3 you are
vent dependent
96
spinal cord injury test
bulbocavernous reflex- stimulate the penis, anal, urethra, foley
97
a symptom of a spinal cord injury
spinal shock
98
Everyone who sustains an SCI experiences
some level of spinal shock.
99
4 stages of spinal shock
hyporeflexia-Nerve cells become less responsive result in weakening/lack of reflexes below the injury site.
initial return of reflexes
hyperreflexia-These overactive reflexes may result in twitchy or spastic, uncontrollable movements.
continuation of hyperreflexia-Overactive reflexes persist and may result in spasticity due to changes in the neuronal cell bodies.
100
whats the goal of spinal cord injury
reduce the neurologic deficit and prevent any additional loss of neurological function
101
innervated by segments C3 to C5 through the phrenic nerves.
diaphragm - main muscle ventilation
102
Vagal stimulation that causes a marked bradycardia
vasovagal response
103
represents an acute episode of exaggerated sympathetic reflex responses that occur in persons with injuries at T6 and above, in which CNS control of spinal reflexes is lost
autonomic dysreflexia
104
```
hypertension
bladder fullness
palor skin
cool and clammy
restrictive clothing
bladder fullness
fecal impaction
```
autonomic dysreflexia
105
what causes autonomic dysreflexia
bladder distension and constipation
106
usually occurs in persons with injuries at T4 to T6 and above and is related to the interruption of descending control of sympathetic outflow to blood vessels in the extremities and abdomen.
postural hypotension
107
autonomic dysreflexia vasodilation above injury
flushed face, high bp
increase sweating
decrease heart rate
headache
108
autonomic dysreflexia vasoconstriction below injury
pale
cool
not sweating
