TEST 3 DIABETES

Question 1

According to the statistics posted in the ppt posted with this blueprint….Diabetes is the _______ leading cause of death in the US in 2015.

Answer 1

7TH

Question 2

what cells secrete glucagon

Answer 2

alpha cells

Question 3

what cells secrete insulin

Answer 3

beta cells

Question 4

the bodys fuel supply

Answer 4

liver

Question 5

When blood glucose levels fall below normal, as they do between meals, the liver converts stored glycogen back to glucose

Answer 5

glycogenolysis.

Question 6

The liver synthesizes glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid in a process called

Answer 6

Gluconeogenesis

Question 7

what 3 body cells cannot use fatty acids and glucose interchangeably for energy

Answer 7

brain, nervous tissue, rbc

Question 8

What are the Counterregulatory Hormones?

Answer 8

Catecholamine’s
Growth hormone
Glucocorticoids

Question 9

work against the action of insulin, raising blood glucose levels in response to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

Answer 9

Counterregulatory Hormones

Question 10

Epinephrine:

Stress
Stimulates glycogenolysis
Lipolytic effect on adipose cells

Answer 10

Catecholamine’s

Question 11

Increases protein synthesis

Decreases cellular uptake and use of glucose

Answer 11

growth hormone

Question 12

Critical to survival during periods of fasting and starvation
Stimulate gluconeogenesis by the liver
Cortisol, ACTH
Hypoglycemia is a potent stimulus for cortisol secretion

Answer 12

glucocorticoids

Question 13

due to autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency

Answer 13

type 1

Question 14

due to a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance

Answer 14

type 2

Question 15

diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not clearly overt diabetes prior to gestation

Answer 15

gestational diabetes mellitus

Question 16

All individuals with type 1A diabetes require

Answer 16

exogenous insulin replacement

Question 17

1st clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes

Answer 17

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 18

Beta cell destruction with NO evidence of autoimmunity

Answer 18

type 1B diabetes

Question 19

what is the honeymoon phase

Answer 19

in type 1 diabetes, their beta cells are still functioning producing insulin so it looks all fine

Question 20

non insulin dependent diabetes

Answer 20

type 2

Question 21

metabolic abnormalities of type 2

Answer 21

insulin resistance,
increased glucose production by the liver,
impaired secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells

Question 22

What are the major factors that predispose a client to Type 2

Answer 22

obesity and physical inactivity

Question 23

in type 2 what happens to postpradinal blood levels

Answer 23

increases when it should decrease

Question 24

Defined as glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy and is not clearly overt diabetes

Answer 24

gestational diabetes

Question 25

post delivery follow up care for gestational diabetes

Answer 25

evaluated during first postpartum visit with ogtt with 75g glucose load

Question 26

Type 1 diabetes, signs and symptoms

Answer 26

arise suddenly

Question 27

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 27

develops more insidious

Question 28

most common signs and symptoms 3 P

Answer 28

polyuria- excessive urine polydypsia- excessive thirst polyphagia-excessive hunger

Question 29

Recurrent blurred vision Fatigue Paresthesia Skin infections

Answer 29

signs and symptoms of diabetes

Question 30

hemoglobin into which glucose has been incorporated.

Answer 30

Glycosylated Hemoglobin; what a person's average blood glucose level was for the 2 to 3 months before the test. This can help determine how well a person's diabetes is being controlled over time.

Question 31

diabetes management goal

Answer 31

tight glycemic control

Question 32

Hyperglycemia Ketosis Metabolic acidosis

Answer 32

diabetic ketoacidosis characteristics

Question 33

definitive diagnosis of dka

Answer 33

hyperglycemia (blood glucose levels >250 mg/dL [13.8 mmol/L]) low serum bicarbonate low arterial pH positive urine and serum ketones

Question 34

DKA signs and symptoms

Answer 34

``` polyuria polydipsia fruit smell of breath Kussmaul respiration** Metabolic acidosis-acidic. low pH in blood and tissues ```

Question 35

goal in treating DKA

Answer 35

improve circulatory volume decrease blood glucose correct acidosis and electrolyte balance

Question 36

``` Dehydration-Brain cells Thromboembolic events Weakness Polyuria Excessive thirst Neurologic signs and symptoms ```

Answer 36

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)

Question 37

Neurologic signs and symptoms of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

Answer 37

Babinski reflex Muscle fasciculations Hemianopia

Question 38

treatment of hypoglycemia

Answer 38

rule 15- 15g of glucose can be repeated every 15 minutes for 3 doses

Question 39

a cycle of insulin-induced posthypoglycemic episodes

Answer 39

Somogyi Effect

Question 40

when do the hypoglycemic episodes occur for smoggy effect

Answer 40

at night or at a time when it is not recognized, rendering the diagnosis of the phenomenon more difficult.

Question 41

when does the dawn phenomenon occur

Answer 41

between 5 am and 9 am

Question 42

hot and dry

Answer 42

sugars high

Question 43

cold and clammy

Answer 43

sugars low

Question 44

somoglyi effect and dawn phen happen to whom

Answer 44

type 1

Question 45

type 1 are

Answer 45

body doesn't make insulin

Question 46

type 2

Answer 46

body doesn't respond to the little insulin made

Question 47

associated with diminished perception of vibration, pain, and temperature, particularly in the lower extremities.

Answer 47

somatic neuropathies

Question 48

disorders of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system function.

Answer 48

autonomic neuropathies

Question 49

enzymes the pancreas produces

Answer 49

amylase, lipase, protease

Question 50

categories for risk of diabetes

Answer 50

FPG >126 A1C >6.5% random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL

Question 51

first manifestation of diabetic neuropathy

Answer 51

increase in urinary albumin excretion, which is defined as a urine protein loss greater or equal to 30 mg/day or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio (A/C ratio) greater or equal to 30 μg/mg (normal <30 μg/mg) from a spot urine collection.