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NURSING PATHO > TEST 3 DIABETES > Flashcards

TEST 3 DIABETES Flashcards

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1
Q

According to the statistics posted in the ppt posted with this blueprint….Diabetes is the _______ leading cause of death in the US in 2015.

A

7TH

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2
Q

what cells secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells

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3
Q

what cells secrete insulin

A

beta cells

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4
Q

the bodys fuel supply

A

liver

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5
Q

When blood glucose levels fall below normal, as they do between meals, the liver converts stored glycogen back to glucose

A

glycogenolysis.

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6
Q

The liver synthesizes glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid in a process called

A

Gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

what 3 body cells cannot use fatty acids and glucose interchangeably for energy

A

brain, nervous tissue, rbc

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8
Q

What are the Counterregulatory Hormones?

A

Catecholamine’s
Growth hormone
Glucocorticoids

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9
Q

work against the action of insulin, raising blood glucose levels in response to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

A

Counterregulatory Hormones

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10
Q

Epinephrine:

Stress
Stimulates glycogenolysis
Lipolytic effect on adipose cells

A

Catecholamine’s

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11
Q

Increases protein synthesis

Decreases cellular uptake and use of glucose

A

growth hormone

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12
Q

Critical to survival during periods of fasting and starvation
Stimulate gluconeogenesis by the liver
Cortisol, ACTH
Hypoglycemia is a potent stimulus for cortisol secretion

A

glucocorticoids

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13
Q

due to autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency

A

type 1

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14
Q

due to a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance

A

type 2

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15
Q

diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not clearly overt diabetes prior to gestation

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

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16
Q

All individuals with type 1A diabetes require

A

exogenous insulin replacement

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17
Q

1st clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

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18
Q

Beta cell destruction with NO evidence of autoimmunity

A

type 1B diabetes

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19
Q

what is the honeymoon phase

A

in type 1 diabetes, their beta cells are still functioning producing insulin so it looks all fine

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20
Q

non insulin dependent diabetes

A

type 2

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21
Q

metabolic abnormalities of type 2

A

insulin resistance,
increased glucose production by the liver,
impaired secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells

22
Q

What are the major factors that predispose a client to Type 2

A

obesity and physical inactivity

23
Q

in type 2 what happens to postpradinal blood levels

A

increases when it should decrease

24
Q

Defined as glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy and is not clearly overt diabetes

A

gestational diabetes

25
Q

post delivery follow up care for gestational diabetes

A

evaluated during first postpartum visit with ogtt with 75g glucose load

26
Q

Type 1 diabetes, signs and symptoms

A

arise suddenly

27
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

develops more insidious

28
Q

most common signs and symptoms 3 P

A

polyuria- excessive urine
polydypsia- excessive thirst
polyphagia-excessive hunger

29
Q

Recurrent blurred vision
Fatigue
Paresthesia
Skin infections

A

signs and symptoms of diabetes

30
Q

hemoglobin into which glucose has been incorporated.

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin; what a person’s average blood glucose level was for the 2 to 3 months before the test. This can help determine how well a person’s diabetes is being controlled over time.

31
Q

diabetes management goal

A

tight glycemic control

32
Q

Hyperglycemia
Ketosis
Metabolic acidosis

A

diabetic ketoacidosis characteristics

33
Q

definitive diagnosis of dka

A

hyperglycemia (blood glucose levels >250 mg/dL [13.8 mmol/L])
low serum bicarbonate
low arterial pH
positive urine and serum ketones

34
Q

DKA signs and symptoms

A 
polyuria
polydipsia 
fruit smell of breath 
Kussmaul respiration**
Metabolic acidosis-acidic. low pH in blood and tissues
35
Q

goal in treating DKA

A

improve circulatory volume
decrease blood glucose
correct acidosis and electrolyte balance

36
Q 
Dehydration-Brain cells
Thromboembolic events 
Weakness
Polyuria
Excessive thirst
Neurologic signs and symptoms
A

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)

37
Q

Neurologic signs and symptoms of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

A

Babinski reflex
Muscle fasciculations
Hemianopia

38
Q

treatment of hypoglycemia

A

rule 15- 15g of glucose can be repeated every 15 minutes for 3 doses

39
Q

a cycle of insulin-induced posthypoglycemic episodes

A

Somogyi Effect

40
Q

when do the hypoglycemic episodes occur for smoggy effect

A

at night or at a time when it is not recognized, rendering the diagnosis of the phenomenon more difficult.

41
Q

when does the dawn phenomenon occur

A

between 5 am and 9 am

42
Q

hot and dry

A

sugars high

43
Q

cold and clammy

A

sugars low

44
Q

somoglyi effect and dawn phen happen to whom

A

type 1

45
Q

type 1 are

A

body doesn’t make insulin

46
Q

type 2

A

body doesn’t respond to the little insulin made

47
Q

associated with diminished perception of vibration, pain, and temperature, particularly in the lower extremities.

A

somatic neuropathies

48
Q

disorders of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system function.

A

autonomic neuropathies

49
Q

enzymes the pancreas produces

A

amylase, lipase, protease

50
Q

categories for risk of diabetes

A

FPG >126
A1C >6.5%
random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL

51
Q

first manifestation of diabetic neuropathy

A

increase in urinary albumin excretion, which is defined as a urine protein loss greater or equal to 30 mg/day or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio (A/C ratio) greater or equal to 30 μg/mg (normal <30 μg/mg) from a spot urine collection.

NURSING PATHO (16 decks)

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