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NURSING PATHO > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

development of granulation tissue involves the growth of new capillaries

A

angiogenesis

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2
Q

what is the by product of anaerobic metabolism

A

lactic acid

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3
Q

anaerobic metabolism is what

A

breakdown of glucose without oxygen

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4
Q

goal for all body systems

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

Cells revert to a smaller size in response to metabolic or environmental changes

A

atrophy

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6
Q

somethings broken in the body

A

compensatory mechanism

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7
Q

inadequate blood flow to tissue or organs

A

ischemia

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8
Q

physiology and pathology of atrophy

A

phy: occurs with early development, similar to the thymus
path: decrease in hormonal stimulation, nerves, nutrition, blood flow, aging

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9
Q

Increase in cell size resulting in an enlargement of functioning tissue and mass

A

hypertrophy

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10
Q

physiology and pathology of hypertrophy

A

phy: exercise- angiogenesis
path: compensatory mechanism- ischemia

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11
Q

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

Cells mitotic division only (epithelial & glandular)

A

hyperplasia

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12
Q

growth, cellular multiplication

A

-plasia

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13
Q

physiology and pathology of hyperplasia

A

phy: Compensatory: Allows organs to regenerate ex. liver
Hormonal: Replaces lost tissue or supports new growth ex. women gets ready to have a baby every month
path: Keloid
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Skin warts

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14
Q

hormonal stimulation, testosterone, and enlarged prostate

A

benign prostate hyperplasia

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15
Q

Replacement of one cell type by another cell type

Result of cell’s genetic reprogramming

A

metaplasia

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16
Q

physiology and pathology of metaplasia

A

phy: Compensatory: Response to chronic irritation and inflammation
Replacement of cell’s allows tissue survival
path: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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17
Q

Cellular growth within a specific tissue, often as a result of chronic inflammation or precancerous condition.

A

dysplasia

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18
Q

physiology and pathology of dysplasia

A

phy: Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells
path: Precursor to cervical cancer

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19
Q

“New-growth” usually refers to disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth—-cancerous

A

neoplasia

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20
Q

Process of eliminating unwanted cells

A

apoptosis

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21
Q

what is apoptosis good for

A

Important in tissue development, immune defense and cancer prevention

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22
Q

cells condense or shrink

A

apoptosis

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23
Q

cells swell and burst

A

necrosis

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24
Q

Enzymes dissolve and liquefy necrotic tissue

A

liquefaction necrosis

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25
Q

ex of liquefaction necrosis

A

brain

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26
Q

Necrotic cells disintegrate…cellular debris remains in area

A

caseous necrosis ; cottage cheese appearance

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27
Q

ex of caseous necrosis

A

pulmonary TB

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28
Q

Lipase enzymes breakdown intracellular triglycerides into free fatty acids

A

fat necrosis

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29
Q

Interruption of blood flow

A

coagulative necrosis

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30
Q

ex of coagulative necrosis

A

kidneys, heart, adrenal glands

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31
Q

Result of impaired blood flow + bacterial invasion

A

form of necrosis; gangrene

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32
Q

what is gas gangrene

A

clostridium bacteria (clostridium perfringens)

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33
Q

A serious infection of the skin, thetissuejust beneath the skin (subcutaneous tissue), and the tissue that covers internalorgans(fascia).

A

necrotizing fasciitis

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34
Q

tell more about necrotizing fasciitis

A

early signs are flu like symptoms , redness, pain around infection

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35
Q

why is a prompt diagnosis and treatment essential to necrotizing fasciitis

A

If the infection is not treated promptly, it can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Treatment typically includes intravenous (IV)antibioticsand surgery to remove infected and dead tissue

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36
Q

flesh eating disease

A

necrotizing facisiitis

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37
Q

what is the most common cause of necrotizing facisiitis

A

streptococcus a

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38
Q

complex nonspecific response to tis- sue injury intended to minimize the effects of injury or infection, remove the damaged tissue, generate new tissue, and facilitate healing.

A

inflammation

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39
Q

5 leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes

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40
Q

makes up most of the leukocytes

A

neutrophils

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41
Q

first cells to appear at the site of acute inflammation; short life span

A

neutrophils

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42
Q

protein that is highly toxic to large parasitic worms that cannot be phagocytized; present in chronic inflammation

A

eosinophils

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43
Q

most prominent in allergic reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)

A

basophils

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44
Q

prevalent along mucosal surfaces of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and dermis of the skin.; dont develop until they leave circulation

A

mast cells

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45
Q

Largest circulating leukocytes

A

monocytes

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46
Q

capable of phagocytosis and are active in bacterial killing

A

macrophages

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47
Q

develop from B lymphocytes that have become activated after encountering an antigen and receiving T cell help

A

plasma cells

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48
Q

Macrophages display antigen to T cells, express membrane molecules and produce cytokines that stimulate T-cell responses.

A

lymphocytes

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49
Q

cardinal signs of acute inflammatory response

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of funx

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50
Q

fever

A

36.0°C to 37.5°C (97.0°F to 99.5°F)

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51
Q

inflammation and the effects on elderly

A

The elderly tend to have a lower baseline temperature, so that serious infections may go unrecognized because of the perceived lack of a significant fever

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52
Q

the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic division.

A

cell proliferation

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53
Q

process whereby a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure and function

A

cell differentiation

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54
Q

The periodic biochemical and structural events occurring during cell proliferation are called

A

cell cycle

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55
Q

3 phases of wound healing

A

inflammatory
proliferating
remodeling

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56
Q

cell cycle process in which nongerm cells are replicated. It provides a way for the body to replace cells that have a limited life span, such as skin and blood cells; increase tissue mass during periods of growth; and repair tissue, such as in wound healing.

A

mitosis

57
Q

limited to replicating germ cells and takes place only once in a cell line. It results in the formation of gametes or reproductive cells (i.e., ovum and sperm), each of which has only a single set of 23 chromosomes

A

meiosis

58
Q

DNA pairs

A

GC

AT

59
Q

dna coiled in a complex

A

chromatin

60
Q

dna that consists of proteins

A

histones

61
Q

Most common cause of cancer

Caused from damage to genes during a person’s life

A

acquired mutations

62
Q

causative factors of acquired mutations

A

tobacco, uv radiation, viruses, age

63
Q

Less common
Occurs in a sperm cell or egg cell
Passes directly from a parent to a child at the time of conception

A

germline mutation

64
Q

These turn a healthy cell into a cancerous cell.

A

oncogenes

65
Q

Most genetic information of a cell is organized, stored, and retrieved in discrete bundles of DNA called

A

chromosomes

66
Q

why allopurinol (zyloprim)

A

helps get rid of uric acid

67
Q

if WBC are elevated

A

bacterial infection

68
Q

if WBC are lower/ somewhat normal

A

viral infection

69
Q

healing happens when the wound edges are approximated e.g. by sutures, staples or glue.

A

primary intention

70
Q

healing takes place when the wound edges cannot be approximated and the wound needs to heal from the bottom.

A

secondary intention

71
Q

a combination of both the wound cannot be stitched up immediately but it can after a while.

A

tertiary intention

72
Q

normal wbc count

A

4,000-12,000

73
Q

decreased levels of wbc

A

leukopenia

74
Q

increased levels of wbc

A

leukocytosis

75
Q

neutrophils less than 1500

A

neutropenia

76
Q

pathogenesis for neutropenia

A

congenital; from birth

77
Q

kissing disease “oral transmission”

A

infectious mononucleosis

78
Q

what causes infectious mononucleosis

A

Epstein-Barr virus in the herpes family.

79
Q

absolute neutrophil count

A

% neutrophils + % bands * WBC

80
Q

severe neutropenia

A

less than 500

81
Q

african descent
middle eastern people
it is normal for these individuals to have lower neutrophil accounts

A

benign ethnic neutropenia

82
Q

Second most common blood cancer

Cancer of the leukocytes

A

leukemia

83
Q

Affects primarily children
Responds well to therapy
Good prognosis

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

84
Q

Affects primarily adults
Responds fairly well to treatment
Prognosis somewhat worse than that of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

acute myeloid leukemia

85
Q

Affects primarily adults

Responds poorly to therapy, yet most patients live many years after diagnosis

A

Chronic lymphoid leukemia

86
Q

Affects primarily adults

Responds poorly to chemotherapy, but the prognosis is improved with allogeneic bone marrow transplant

A

Chronic myeloid leukemia

87
Q

Cancers affect lymphatic system

Most common hematologic cancer in the US

A

lymphomas

88
Q

Solid tumors with the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

A

hodgkins lymphoma ; curable

89
Q

more common of the two lymphomas

A

non hodgkins lymphoma

90
Q

Excessive numbers of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow, crowding the blood-forming cells and causing Bence Jones proteins to be excreted in the urine

A

multiple myeloma

91
Q

Bone destruction leads to hypercalcemia and pathologic fractures

A

multiple myeloma

92
Q

Stoppage of blood flow

A

hemostasis

93
Q

normal platelet range

A

150,000 to 350,000

94
Q

X-linked recessive bleeding disorder

A

hemophilia A

95
Q

Deficiency or abnormality of clotting factor VIII

A

hemophilia A

96
Q

Most common hereditary bleeding disorder

Decreased platelet adhesion and aggregation

A

von willebrands disease

97
Q

treatment of von willebrands disease

A

desmopressin

98
Q

Widespread coagulation followed by massive bleeding because of the depletion of clotting factors

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC

99
Q

Hypocoagulation resulting from an autoimmune destruction of platelets

A

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura

100
Q

platelets

A

less than 20,000

101
Q

DIC initial problem

A

clotting first then give heparin then they bleed out

102
Q

5 stages of hemostasis

A 
vessel spasm
formation of platelet plug 
blood coagulation
clot retraction
clot dissolution
103
Q

Abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia.

A

sickle cell anemia

104
Q

medications for sickle cell

A

hydrea

105
Q

Production of erythrocytes

A

erythropoiesis

occurs in bone marrow

106
Q

Results from a decreased number of erythrocytes, reduction of hemoglobin, or presence of abnormal hemoglobin

A

anemia

107
Q

Excessive erythrocyte destruction

A

hemolytic anemia

108
Q

what are the causes of hemolytic anemia

A

idiopathic, autoimmune, genetics,

109
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency usually caused by a lack of intrinsic factor.

A

pernicious anemia

110
Q

Bone marrow depression of all blood cells (pancytopenia).

A

aplastic anemia

111
Q

can cross over the blood brain barrier

A

leukemia

112
Q

test will be positive for the philadelphia chromosome

A

CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

113
Q

what is CATS

A

convulsions, arrhythmia, tetany, stridor/spasms

114
Q

signs of hypocalcemia

A

chvostek’s sign (cheek bone), trousseau sign (“drawing of his hand”)

115
Q

diagnosis for pernicious anemia

A

schillings test

116
Q

neonates hemoglobin helps prevent what

A

sickle cell anemia

117
Q

hormone-like growth factor

A

cytokines

118
Q

complications of multiple myeloma

A

hypercalcemia; high levels of calcium low levels of phosphorus

119
Q

cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

120
Q

heart rate

A

60-100

121
Q

stroke volume

A

60-70

122
Q

cardiac output

A

blood per min 4-8L

123
Q

premature aging syndrome don’t see until late teens

A

werner syndrome

124
Q

premature aging syndrome thats a genetic disorder

A

hutchinson gilford

125
Q

enlargement of the heart

A

cardiomyopathy

126
Q

barrett cells and metaplasia

A

GERD- acid causes cells to change into barrett cells which help with the inflammatory process (heal those); be barrett cells can be pre cancerous

127
Q

why do people who smoke have high bp

A

nicotine causes vasoconstriction so blood doesnt circulate well

128
Q

cardiac meds given can cause

A

barrett cells too; because it paralyzes sphincter

129
Q

Sorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins produced on the RER

A

golgi complex

130
Q

assistance of a carrier but no energy needed

A

facilitated diffusion

131
Q

a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration …against a concentration gradient ENERGY!!!

A

active transport

132
Q

chronic pain last longer than

A

3 months

133
Q

mediator in the inflammatory process

A

nitric oxide

134
Q

when can I give as a nurse that has the same effect of nitric oxide

A

nitro glycerin

135
Q

mast cells give off

A

histamine

136
Q

anc

A

wbc * neutrophil count. less than 500 BAD

137
Q

tells us the maternity of neutrophils

A

absolute neutrophil count 1500

138
Q

assessing for SIRS systemic inflammatory response

A

Wbc between 4-12
heart rate greater than 90
temp 36-38C
respiratory rate greater than 20

139
Q

cytokines help with

A

growth, function, and differentiation of a cell

NURSING PATHO (16 decks)

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