TEST 1 Flashcards
1
Q
development of granulation tissue involves the growth of new capillaries
A
angiogenesis
2
Q
what is the by product of anaerobic metabolism
A
lactic acid
3
Q
anaerobic metabolism is what
A
breakdown of glucose without oxygen
4
Q
goal for all body systems
A
homeostasis
5
Q
Cells revert to a smaller size in response to metabolic or environmental changes
A
atrophy
6
Q
somethings broken in the body
A
compensatory mechanism
7
Q
inadequate blood flow to tissue or organs
A
ischemia
8
Q
physiology and pathology of atrophy
A
phy: occurs with early development, similar to the thymus
path: decrease in hormonal stimulation, nerves, nutrition, blood flow, aging
9
Q
Increase in cell size resulting in an enlargement of functioning tissue and mass
A
hypertrophy
10
Q
physiology and pathology of hypertrophy
A
phy: exercise- angiogenesis
path: compensatory mechanism- ischemia
11
Q
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
Cells mitotic division only (epithelial & glandular)
A
hyperplasia
12
Q
growth, cellular multiplication
A
-plasia
13
Q
physiology and pathology of hyperplasia
A
phy: Compensatory: Allows organs to regenerate ex. liver
Hormonal: Replaces lost tissue or supports new growth ex. women gets ready to have a baby every month
path: Keloid
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Skin warts
14
Q
hormonal stimulation, testosterone, and enlarged prostate
A
benign prostate hyperplasia
15
Q
Replacement of one cell type by another cell type
Result of cell’s genetic reprogramming
A
metaplasia
16
Q
physiology and pathology of metaplasia
A
phy: Compensatory: Response to chronic irritation and inflammation
Replacement of cell’s allows tissue survival
path: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
17
Q
Cellular growth within a specific tissue, often as a result of chronic inflammation or precancerous condition.
A
dysplasia
18
Q
physiology and pathology of dysplasia
A
phy: Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells
path: Precursor to cervical cancer
19
Q
“New-growth” usually refers to disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth—-cancerous
A
neoplasia
20
Q
Process of eliminating unwanted cells
A
apoptosis
21
Q
what is apoptosis good for
A
Important in tissue development, immune defense and cancer prevention
22
Q
cells condense or shrink
A
apoptosis
23
Q
cells swell and burst
A
necrosis
24
Q
Enzymes dissolve and liquefy necrotic tissue
A
liquefaction necrosis
25
ex of liquefaction necrosis
brain
26
Necrotic cells disintegrate…cellular debris remains in area
caseous necrosis ; cottage cheese appearance
27
ex of caseous necrosis
pulmonary TB
28
Lipase enzymes breakdown intracellular triglycerides into free fatty acids
fat necrosis
29
Interruption of blood flow
coagulative necrosis
30
ex of coagulative necrosis
kidneys, heart, adrenal glands
31
Result of impaired blood flow + bacterial invasion
form of necrosis; gangrene
32
what is gas gangrene
clostridium bacteria (clostridium perfringens)
33
A serious infection of the skin, the tissue just beneath the skin (subcutaneous tissue), and the tissue that covers internal organs (fascia).
necrotizing fasciitis
34
tell more about necrotizing fasciitis
early signs are flu like symptoms , redness, pain around infection
35
why is a prompt diagnosis and treatment essential to necrotizing fasciitis
If the infection is not treated promptly, it can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Treatment typically includes intravenous (IV) antibiotics and surgery to remove infected and dead tissue
36
flesh eating disease
necrotizing facisiitis
37
what is the most common cause of necrotizing facisiitis
streptococcus a
38
complex nonspecific response to tis- sue injury intended to minimize the effects of injury or infection, remove the damaged tissue, generate new tissue, and facilitate healing.
inflammation
39
5 leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes
40
makes up most of the leukocytes
neutrophils
41
first cells to appear at the site of acute inflammation; short life span
neutrophils
42
protein that is highly toxic to large parasitic worms that cannot be phagocytized; present in chronic inflammation
eosinophils
43
most prominent in allergic reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)
basophils
44
prevalent along mucosal surfaces of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and dermis of the skin.; dont develop until they leave circulation
mast cells
45
Largest circulating leukocytes
monocytes
46
capable of phagocytosis and are active in bacterial killing
macrophages
47
develop from B lymphocytes that have become activated after encountering an antigen and receiving T cell help
plasma cells
48
Macrophages display antigen to T cells, express membrane molecules and produce cytokines that stimulate T-cell responses.
lymphocytes
49
cardinal signs of acute inflammatory response
redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of funx
50
fever
36.0°C to 37.5°C (97.0°F to 99.5°F)
51
inflammation and the effects on elderly
The elderly tend to have a lower baseline temperature, so that serious infections may go unrecognized because of the perceived lack of a significant fever
52
the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic division.
cell proliferation
53
process whereby a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure and function
cell differentiation
54
The periodic biochemical and structural events occurring during cell proliferation are called
cell cycle
55
3 phases of wound healing
inflammatory
proliferating
remodeling
56
cell cycle process in which nongerm cells are replicated. It provides a way for the body to replace cells that have a limited life span, such as skin and blood cells; increase tissue mass during periods of growth; and repair tissue, such as in wound healing.
mitosis
57
limited to replicating germ cells and takes place only once in a cell line. It results in the formation of gametes or reproductive cells (i.e., ovum and sperm), each of which has only a single set of 23 chromosomes
meiosis
58
DNA pairs
GC
| AT
59
dna coiled in a complex
chromatin
60
dna that consists of proteins
histones
61
Most common cause of cancer
| Caused from damage to genes during a person’s life
acquired mutations
62
causative factors of acquired mutations
tobacco, uv radiation, viruses, age
63
Less common
Occurs in a sperm cell or egg cell
Passes directly from a parent to a child at the time of conception
germline mutation
64
These turn a healthy cell into a cancerous cell.
oncogenes
65
Most genetic information of a cell is organized, stored, and retrieved in discrete bundles of DNA called
chromosomes
66
why allopurinol (zyloprim)
helps get rid of uric acid
67
if WBC are elevated
bacterial infection
68
if WBC are lower/ somewhat normal
viral infection
69
healing happens when the wound edges are approximated e.g. by sutures, staples or glue.
primary intention
70
healing takes place when the wound edges cannot be approximated and the wound needs to heal from the bottom.
secondary intention
71
a combination of both the wound cannot be stitched up immediately but it can after a while.
tertiary intention
72
normal wbc count
4,000-12,000
73
decreased levels of wbc
leukopenia
74
increased levels of wbc
leukocytosis
75
neutrophils less than 1500
neutropenia
76
pathogenesis for neutropenia
congenital; from birth
77
kissing disease "oral transmission"
infectious mononucleosis
78
what causes infectious mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus in the herpes family.
79
absolute neutrophil count
% neutrophils + % bands * WBC
80
severe neutropenia
less than 500
81
african descent
middle eastern people
it is normal for these individuals to have lower neutrophil accounts
benign ethnic neutropenia
82
Second most common blood cancer
| Cancer of the leukocytes
leukemia
83
Affects primarily children
Responds well to therapy
Good prognosis
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
84
Affects primarily adults
Responds fairly well to treatment
Prognosis somewhat worse than that of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
acute myeloid leukemia
85
Affects primarily adults
| Responds poorly to therapy, yet most patients live many years after diagnosis
Chronic lymphoid leukemia
86
Affects primarily adults
| Responds poorly to chemotherapy, but the prognosis is improved with allogeneic bone marrow transplant
Chronic myeloid leukemia
87
Cancers affect lymphatic system
| Most common hematologic cancer in the US
lymphomas
88
Solid tumors with the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
hodgkins lymphoma ; curable
89
more common of the two lymphomas
non hodgkins lymphoma
90
Excessive numbers of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow, crowding the blood-forming cells and causing Bence Jones proteins to be excreted in the urine
multiple myeloma
91
Bone destruction leads to hypercalcemia and pathologic fractures
multiple myeloma
92
Stoppage of blood flow
hemostasis
93
normal platelet range
150,000 to 350,000
94
X-linked recessive bleeding disorder
hemophilia A
95
Deficiency or abnormality of clotting factor VIII
hemophilia A
96
Most common hereditary bleeding disorder
| Decreased platelet adhesion and aggregation
von willebrands disease
97
treatment of von willebrands disease
desmopressin
98
Widespread coagulation followed by massive bleeding because of the depletion of clotting factors
disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC
99
Hypocoagulation resulting from an autoimmune destruction of platelets
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
100
platelets
less than 20,000
101
DIC initial problem
clotting first then give heparin then they bleed out
102
5 stages of hemostasis
```
vessel spasm
formation of platelet plug
blood coagulation
clot retraction
clot dissolution
```
103
Abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia.
sickle cell anemia
104
medications for sickle cell
hydrea
105
Production of erythrocytes
erythropoiesis
| occurs in bone marrow
106
Results from a decreased number of erythrocytes, reduction of hemoglobin, or presence of abnormal hemoglobin
anemia
107
Excessive erythrocyte destruction
hemolytic anemia
108
what are the causes of hemolytic anemia
idiopathic, autoimmune, genetics,
109
Vitamin B12 deficiency usually caused by a lack of intrinsic factor.
pernicious anemia
110
Bone marrow depression of all blood cells (pancytopenia).
aplastic anemia
111
can cross over the blood brain barrier
leukemia
112
test will be positive for the philadelphia chromosome
CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
113
what is CATS
convulsions, arrhythmia, tetany, stridor/spasms
114
signs of hypocalcemia
chvostek’s sign (cheek bone), trousseau sign (“drawing of his hand”)
115
diagnosis for pernicious anemia
schillings test
116
neonates hemoglobin helps prevent what
sickle cell anemia
117
hormone-like growth factor
cytokines
118
complications of multiple myeloma
hypercalcemia; high levels of calcium low levels of phosphorus
119
cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
120
heart rate
60-100
121
stroke volume
60-70
122
cardiac output
blood per min 4-8L
123
premature aging syndrome don’t see until late teens
werner syndrome
124
premature aging syndrome thats a genetic disorder
hutchinson gilford
125
enlargement of the heart
cardiomyopathy
126
barrett cells and metaplasia
GERD- acid causes cells to change into barrett cells which help with the inflammatory process (heal those); be barrett cells can be pre cancerous
127
why do people who smoke have high bp
nicotine causes vasoconstriction so blood doesnt circulate well
128
cardiac meds given can cause
barrett cells too; because it paralyzes sphincter
129
Sorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins produced on the RER
golgi complex
130
assistance of a carrier but no energy needed
facilitated diffusion
131
a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration …against a concentration gradient ENERGY!!!
active transport
132
chronic pain last longer than
3 months
133
mediator in the inflammatory process
nitric oxide
134
when can I give as a nurse that has the same effect of nitric oxide
nitro glycerin
135
mast cells give off
histamine
136
anc
wbc * neutrophil count. less than 500 BAD
137
tells us the maternity of neutrophils
absolute neutrophil count 1500
138
assessing for SIRS systemic inflammatory response
Wbc between 4-12
heart rate greater than 90
temp 36-38C
respiratory rate greater than 20
139
cytokines help with
growth, function, and differentiation of a cell
