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NURSING PATHO > PRE LECTURE 1-7 > Flashcards

PRE LECTURE 1-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

endoplasmic reticulum is the control center of the cell

A

false/ nucleus

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2
Q

cells communicate with each other by means of chemical messenger systems

A

true

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3
Q

glycolytic pathway does not require oxygen to produce cellular energy

A

true

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4
Q

active transport across the cell membrane can occur with or without an energy source

A

false/ needs energy

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5
Q

cells with a similar embryonic origin or function are often organized into larger functional units called tissues

A

true

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6
Q

ANSWER tissue is he most abundant tissue type in the body

A

connective

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7
Q

three types of ANSWER tissue exist; skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

A

muscle

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8
Q

literally means “cell eating” and involves the engulfment and subsequent killing or degrading of microorganisms and other particulate matter

A

phagocytosis

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9
Q

serve as a sites of protein synthesis in the cell

A

rough ER

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10
Q

cell metabolism is the process that converts carbs, proteins, and fats in ANSWER

A

ATP

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11
Q

major source of energy for all body cells

A

ATP

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12
Q

cells are able to adapt to changes in work demands or threats to survival by changing their size, number, and type

A

true

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13
Q

apoptotic cell death and necrotic cell death are both pathologic forms of cell death that is unregulated and invariably injurious to the cell organism

A

false/ necrotic cell death

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14
Q

prolonged exposure to cold increases blood viscosity and induces vasoconstrictions

A

true

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15
Q

gas gangrene is a special type of gangrene that results from infection of devitalized tissues by one of several species of clostridium bacteria

A

true

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16
Q

all mechanisms of cell injury (hypoxia, mechanical forces, extremes of temperature, electrical injuries, etc) lead to irreversible cellular damage with cell destruction or death

A

false

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17
Q

decrease in the size of a tissue organ resulting from a decrease in the size of the individual cells or in the number of cells

A

atrophy

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18
Q

involves the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other minerals in dead or dying tissue

A

pathologic calcification

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19
Q

utilized for programmed cell death or cell suicide

A

apoptosis

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20
Q

refers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living person

A

necrosis

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21
Q

represents a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

A

metaplasia

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22
Q

acute inflammation is the immediate and early response to an injurious agent and occurs in two phases: the vascular phase and the cellular phase

A

true

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23
Q

chronic inflammation is self perpetuating and may last for weeks, months, or even years

A

true

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24
Q

erythrocytes play a central role in the physiology of inflammation

A

false

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25
Q

vasoconstriction occurs during the vascular stage of inflammation

A

true

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26
Q

fever is a pathologic response to bacterial and viral infection with and has no positive outcome on illness

A

false

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27
Q

these signs of inflammation are known as redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function

A

cardinal

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28
Q

histamine, serotonin, cytokines, bradykinin, arachidonic acid, and platelet-activating factor are ANSWER of inflammation

A

mediators

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29
Q

body temp is regulated by the thermoregulatory center in the

A

hypothalamus

30
Q

represents an increase in body temp due to resetting of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory set point as the result of endogenous pyrogens released from host macrophages or endothelial cells

A

fever / pyrexia

31
Q

refers to heat transfer through the circulation of air currents

A

convection

32
Q

stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types

A

true

33
Q

DNA synthesis takes place during the G0 phase of the cell cycle

A

false/ during S phase

34
Q

inflammatory phase of wound healing prepares the wound environment for the healing process

A

true

35
Q

formation of granulation tissue involves the creation of new capillaries

A

true

36
Q

a large surface wound is likely to heal by the process of primary intention

A

false/ secondary intention

37
Q

tissue contain cells that normally stop dividing when growth ceases

A

stable

38
Q

secreted locally and assembles into a network of spaces surrounding tissue cells during the process of tissue regeneration

A

extracellular matrix

39
Q

when regeneration cannot occur, healing by replacement with a connective tissue occurs, a process that terminates in

A

scar formation

40
Q

generally applied to small hormone like proteins that increase cell size and cell division

A

growth factor

41
Q

an abnormality in healing by scar tissue repair is the formation of ANSWER, which are benign tumor-like masses caused by excess production of scar tissue

A

keloid

42
Q

the genetic information needed for protein synthesis is encoded in the DNA contained in the cell nucleus

A

true

43
Q

there are 6 bases that make up the alphabet of the genetic code

A

false / 4

44
Q

RNA and DNA have the same general structure

A

false/ dna 2 strands rna 1

45
Q

polygenic inheritance can be predicted utilizing the medelian laws of genetic transmission

A

false / single gene expression

46
Q

messenger rna carries the instructions for protein synthesis

A

true

47
Q

involves the copying of the genetic code containing the instructions for protein synthesis from DNA to a complementary strand of mRNA

A

transcription

48
Q

recognizable traits, physical or biochemical, associated with a specific genotype

A

phenotype

49
Q

utilized to describe possible combinations that can occur with transmission of single gene dominant and recessive traits

A

punnet square

50
Q

cell cycle process in which non germ cells are replicated

A

mitosis

51
Q

limited to replicating germ cells and result in the formation of gametes or reproductive cells

A

meiosis

52
Q

type of RNA that functions to deliver the activated former amino acids to protein molecules in the ribosome

A

transfer RNA

53
Q

most genetic disorders are caused by an alteration in DNA sequences that alter the synthesis of a single gene product

A

true

54
Q

autosomal recessive disorders are manifested even if only one member of the gene pair is affected

A

false/ both members

55
Q

teratogenic agent is an environmental agent that produces abnormalities only during the first 4 weeks of embryonic or fetal development

A

true

56
Q

down syndrome, turner syndrome, and klinefelter syndrome are all examples of chromosomal disorders that occur from an alteration in chromosome number

A

true

57
Q

cleft lip and palate is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder

A

false / ex of mutifactoral inheritance disorders

58
Q

involves a single mutant allele that is transmitted from an affected parent to an offspring

A

autosomal dominant disorder

59
Q

sex linked disorders almost always are associated with the ANSWER chromosome and are predominantly recessive

A

X

60
Q

would be female, short in stature, lack in breast development, and would not menstruate

A

turner syndrome

61
Q

autosomal dominant disorder is a condition involving neurogenic tumors that arise from schwann cells and other elements of the peripheral nervous system

A

neurofibromatosis

62
Q

neural tube defects are often the result of

A

folic acid deficiency

63
Q

cancer is a disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth

A

true

64
Q

surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the only identified treatment modalities for cancer

A

false/ those plus hormonal therapy and biotherapy

65
Q

benign and malignant tumors are composed of parenchymal cells and connective tissue

A

true

66
Q

cell differentiation is the process whereby proliferating cells are transformed into different and more specialize cell types

A

true

67
Q

less differentiated tumors that grow in a crab like manner to invade surrounding tissues, have cells that break loose and travel to distant sites to form metastasis, and inevitably cause suffering and death unless their growth can be controlled through treatment

A

cancer

68
Q

involves the microscopic examination of cancer cells to determine their level of differentiation and the number of mitoses

A

grading a tumor

69
Q

in general, bengin tumors usually are named by adding the suffix ??? to the parenchymal tissue type from which the growth originated

A

-oma

70
Q

development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor

A

matestasis

71
Q

involve metastasis that occurs by way of the blood vessels

A

hematogenous

72
Q

the production of signs and symptoms at sites that are not directly affected by the disease or cancer

A

paraneoplastic syndromes

NURSING PATHO (16 decks)

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