TEST 3 GI Flashcards
1
Q
function of GI tract
A
digestion, motility, secretions
2
Q
controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
A
extrinsic nervous system
3
Q
stimulation inhibits activity
A
sympathetic
4
Q
a general increase in activity of the entire enteric nervous system
A
parasympathetic
5
Q
parasympathetic in cardiac system
A
tells you to slow down
6
Q
The motor impulses for the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing are carried in the
A
trigeminal (V)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
and hypoglossal (XII) cranial nerves
7
Q
Impulses for the esophageal phase are carried by
A
vagus nerve
8
Q
when you stimulate the vagus nerve
A
heart rate goes down
9
Q
inhibiting acid secretions
A
D cells, end in statin
10
Q
mucus, protects stomach lining
A
goblet cells
11
Q
gastric acid
A
parietal cells
12
Q
pepsinogen- protease precursor
A
chief cells
13
Q
gastrin- stimulates acid secretions
A
G cells
14
Q
produces hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
A
parietal cells; intrinsic factor helps with production of vitamin b 12
15
Q
if pancreas is sick what enzyme levels will be looks at
A
lipase, amylase, protease levels
16
Q
who is immune to h. pyloric infections
A
elderly
17
Q
stimulate gastric acid secretion
A
gastrin
18
Q
potent growth hormone–releasing activity and has a stimulatory effect on food intake and digestive function, while reducing energy expenditure.
A
ghrelin
19
Q
inhibits acid secretions and stimulates mucus production
A
prostaglandin E
20
Q
inhibits the protection of prostaglandin E
A
NSAIDS-can cause ulcers
21
Q
dismantling of foods into their constituent parts, a process that requires hydrolysis, enzyme cleavage, and fat emulsification
A
digestion
22
Q
breakdown of a compound that involves a chemical reaction with water
A
hydrolysis
23
Q
the use of enzymes to cut substances into smaller components.
A
enzyme clevage
24
Q
breakdown of large globules of dietary fat into smaller particles.
A
emulsification
25
process of moving nutrients and other materials from the external environment in the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph of the internal environment.
absorption
26
represents a loss of appetite.
anorexia
27
ill-defined and unpleasant subjective sensation.
nausea-symptom
28
is a forceful discharge of stomach contents
vomit
29
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
30
achalasia
deinnervation of the muscle
31
results from damage to nerves in the food tube (esophagus),
achalasia
32
if they're having epigastric pain what does that indicate
dyspepsia
33
mimics angia pectoris
esophageal pain
34
sharp or well organized.
somatic abdominal pain
35
diffuse or poorly located
visceral abdominal pain
36
visceral pain is usually due to
something with an organ ; its deep
37
distant from the source but in same dermatome.
referred pain
38
RUQ or mid epigastric pain is indicative of
something with the gallbladder
39
most common cause of constipation
low-residue diet (low-fiber) and lack of exercise
40
normal bowel movements
3 per week
41
manifestations of lactose intolerance
abdominal cramping
bloating
diarrhea
42
does dysphagia hurt
no
43
painful swallowing
odynophagia
44
regurgitation of undigested food
diverticuli
45
a tear that does not penetrate the wall of the esophagus.
An esophageal laceration (Mallory-Weiss syndrome)
46
first signs of esophageal laceration (Mallory-Weiss syndrome)
Hematemesis
-blood in vomit
lower chest pain
47
```
esophageal laceration (Mallory-Weiss syndrome)
3 b's
```
bleeding
bright red emesis
blood tinged stool
48
defect in the diaphragm that allows a portion of the stomach to protrude (herniation) through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax.
hiatal hernia
49
90% of hiatal hernias are what
sliding
50
path of hiatal hernia
increased intra abdominal pressure ; obesity and smoking
51
manifestations of GERD
upper abdominal pain within 1 hour of eating
chest pains
pain when lying down
52
usually the first course of action because they provide quick relief of symptoms. These include products such as Maalox, Mylanta, Rolaids, and Tums.
antacids- treatment for gerd
53
what do antacids do
neutralize acids
54
These do not act as quickly as antacids but they do provide longer relief. Popular H2 receptor blockers include Pepcid AC and Zantac.
h2 receptor blocker =treatment for gerd
55
difference between h2 receptor blocker and proton pump inhibitors
h2 provides longer relief but ppi have healing capabilities
56
ending in zole
proton pump inhibitor
57
These drugs are designed to prevent acid production and release in the stomach and intestines, thereby reducing the risk of acid reflux and esophageal damage.
ppi
58
esophageal cancer
usually in the neck region the squamous cells are effected
59
where does adenocarcinoma effect
towards the bottom of esophagus
60
gastritis can occur from what two things
aspirin and alc
61
common precursor of gastritis and peptic ulcers
h pylori gastritis
62
ulceration, in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum
peptic ulcer
63
Two major risk factors for peptic ulcer disease
NSAIDS and h. pyloric
64
gastric ulcers
heartburn
| pain after meals-food doesn't relieve pain
65
duodenum ulcers
```
right upper gastric pain
radiates to their back
food will relive pain
melena -dark bloody stool
initially food helps, but pain after 30 min-2 hours of eating (empties out of stomach and into duod)
```
66
major complications of peptic ulcers
perforations and bleeding
67
chronic disease the lasts greater than 3 months functional disorder. dont know why. alternates with diarrhea and constipation
irritable bowel syndrome
68
most common in women and patient is most likely to have anxiety and depression
ibs
69
chronic inflammatory condition of the bowel
crohns disease
70
effects any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus ; inflammatory lesions
crohns
71
skip lesions in crohns look like what
cobblestone in appearance
72
abdominal pain depending on location
diarrhea
affected area
manifestations of crohns
73
between 5-10 stools per day; diarrhea
crohns disease
74
chronic disease that effects the mucus membrane of the colon and/or rectum
ulcerative colitis
75
hallmark symptom of ulcerative colitis
10-20 per day associated with bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain
76
associated with increased cancer risk after 8-10 years of disease
ulcerative colitis
77
out pouching of the walls of the colon
diverticulitis
78
low fiber diet
diverticulitis
79
lower left sided abdominal pain
diverticulitis
80
fluid in the peritoneal cavity
peritonitis
81
swallowing gum
appendicitis
82
```
begins with vague periembolicus pain
then shifts to RLQ-MCBURNYS POINT
rebound tenderness
elevated wbc 1600
rovsing sign-pain roves from the left side to right
```
appendicitis
83
```
chronic diarrhea
joint pain
seizures
tooth enamel loss
numbness
```
celiac disease/sprue
84
immune disease in which people can't eat gluten because it will damage their small intestine.
celiac disease
85
gluten is in
proteins-wheat,rye,barley
86
loss of nutrients and vitamins which can eventually effect the brain
malabsorption syndrome
87
rapid gastric emptying; osmotic shift in vessels
dumping syndrome
88
dumping syndrome usually follows what
gastric bypass surgery
89
sugar just goes straight through them so what should they not have with meals
fluids; dumping syndrome
90
what does the liver do
responsible for glycogenesis and glycolgenolysis, protein metabolism, fat metabolism,
91
manifestations of liver disease
impaired protein synthesis
accumulation of toxins and hormones
inadequate bile and urine synthesis
release of marker enzymes in the blood
92
what tests are drawn if liver is dysfunctional (markers elevated if liver is injured)
AST
| ALT
93
liver is sick so it doesn't take up the bilirubin and doesn't get rid of it
jaundice
94
most common hepatitis
b
95
fecal-oral route
abrupt
last 2-7 weeks
hep A
96
insidious
transmission of blood and body fluids
6-4 months
mom to baby, sexual contact, through needles
hep B
97
insidious
most common for needles/drug users
through blood transfusions
2-12 months
hep c
98
stages of hep
prodromal-2 wks after exposure and ends w appearance of jaundice.
icteric-jaundice 1-2 wks after prodromal phase
dark urine, clay colored stools
recovery-resolution of jaundice,liver funx return
99
dark urine-break down of rbc
| clay colored stools
jaundice
100
clinical syndrome resulting in severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells and potential liver failure. Results from HBV, toxic reactions to drugs (APAP), and congenital metabolic disorders
fulminant hep ; tylenol can kill liver
101
irreversible inflammatory disease; leading cause of death in the us
cirrhosis; fat accumulation
102
accumulation of protein-containing (ascitic) fluid within the abdomen.
ascites
103
increased venous pressure in the portal circulation
portal hypertension
104
large veins
splenomeagly
in esophagus
biggest complication is esophageal varices which can rupture
portal hypertension
105
increase of ammonia in the brain tissue
hepatic encephalopathy
106
treatment for hepatic encephalopathy
lactulose - helps get rid of ammonia
107
Most Common Clinical Manifestation of Portal hypertension
esophageal varices
108
stones
Cholelithiasis
109
inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
110
gall stones form when what crystallizes
calcium and cholesterol
111
```
Colicky pain (biliary colic)
Epigastric and RUQ pains
Pain that radiates to the mid upper back
Jaundice
Nausea and vomiting
Heartburn
Intolerance to fat-containing foods
Clay-colored stools
```
cholecytitis
112
positive murphy sign
cholecystitis
113
```
Indigestion
Leukocytosis / Fever
Jaundice
Pain and tenderness in the right upper quadrant (may be referred to the right shoulder)
RUQ tenderness and abdominal rigidity
```
cholecystitis
114
Severe symptoms or none at all
Attacks of pain 3 to 6 hours after a heavy meal
With total obstruction symptoms of blockage occurs
Obstructive jaundice
Clay colored stools
Pruritis
Steatorrhea
cholelithiasis
115
sudden severe epigastric pain
| radiates to the back
acute pancreatitis
116
LU abdominal pain radiating to the back
vomiting
flagulence
diabetes
chronic pancreatitis
117
2 signs in pancreatitis
cullens sign
| greys turner sign
118
triggers of pancreatitis
alcohol and gallstones
