PRE LECTURES FOR TEST 2

Question 1

HDL is WHAT cholesterol

Answer 1

good

Question 2

most abdominal aneurysms are asymptomatic

Answer 2

false; thoracic

Question 3

primary hypertension is characterized by chronic elevation in blood pressure that results form some other disorder such as kidney disease

Answer 3

false; secondary hypert

Question 4

orthostatic hypotension is an abnormal rise in bp that occurs when assuming the standing position from that of the supine position

Answer 4

false; drop in bp

Question 5

venous insufficiency leads to tissue congestion and edema in lower extremities

Answer 5

true

Question 6

controls the transfer of molecules across the vascular wall, plays a role in platelet adhesion and blood clotting, and functions in the modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance

Answer 6

endothelium

Question 7

carries a risk for the development of atherosclerosis, a major cause of cardiovascular disease

Answer 7

hyperlipidemia

Question 8

functional disorder caused by intense vasospasm of the arteries and arterioles in the fingers and less often in the toes

Answer 8

raynaud phenomenon

Question 9

an acute, life threatening condition that involves hemorrhage into the vessel wall with longitudinal tearing or separation of the vessel wall to form a blood filled channel

Answer 9

aortic dissection

Question 10

pericarditis represents an inflammatory process of the myocardium

Answer 10

false; pericardium

Question 11

all types of angina represent an acute myocardial infarction, aka heart attack

Answer 11

true

Question 12

the heart extracts and uses 60-80% of oxygen in blood flowing through the coronary arteries

Answer 12

true

Question 13

atherosclerosis is by far the most common cause of coronary heart disease

Answer 13

true

Question 14

stable atherosclerotic plaques tend to rupture more than unstable atherosclerotic plaques and lead to acute coronary syndromes, ranging from unstable angina to ST segment elevation MI

Answer 14

false

Question 15

life threatening, slow or rapid compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid, pus, or blood in the pericardial sac

Answer 15

cardiac tamponade

Question 16

a disorder that follows a group A strep

Answer 16

rheumatic heart disease

Question 17

is of great concern due to the potential effects of chronic valvular disorders that produce permanent cardiac dysfunction and sometimes fatal heart failure years later

Answer 17

rheumatic heart disease

Question 18

a narrowing of the valve orifice and failure of the valve leaflets to close properly

Answer 18

stenosis

Question 19

creatinine kinase, myoglobin, and troponin are known as WHAT and are useful for acute myocardial infarction determination and classification

Answer 19

serum cardiac markers

Question 20

decreased cardiac output will lead to an increase in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate

Answer 20

false ; decrease

Question 21

endothelins are potent vasodilators that are released from the endothelial cells throughout the circulation

Answer 21

true

Question 22

myocardial hypertrophy is a long term mechanism by which the heart compensates for increased workload

Answer 22

true

Question 23

afterload represents the force that the contracting heart must generate to eject blood from the filled heart

Answer 23

true

Question 24

major complications of shock include pulmonary injury, acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal ulceration, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Answer 24

true

Question 25

blood backs up in the systemic circulation, causing peripheral edema and congestion of the abdominal organs

Answer 25

right sided heart failure

Question 26

most common cause of WHAT is acute myocardial infarction

Answer 26

cardiogenic shock

Question 27

examples of WHAT include loss of whole blood , plasma, or extracellular fluid

Answer 27

hypovolemic shock

Question 28

left side of heart pumps blood to lungs

Answer 28

false ; right

Question 29

venues side of circulation contains a larger portion of the blood volume than the arterial side

Answer 29

true

Question 30

rate of blood flow through a vessel is affected by pressure, resistance, and vessel radius

Answer 30

true

Question 31

loose fitting sac that surrounds the heart is called the myocardium

Answer 31

false; muscular portion

Question 32

rhythmic impulse of the cardiac condition system is generation at the AV node known as the pacemaker of the heart

Answer 32

false; SA node

Question 33

the result of disorganized electrical activity within the atrium or the ventricle

Answer 33

fibrillation

Question 34

amount of blood the heart pumps each minute and is determined by the formula SV x HR

Answer 34

cardiac output

Question 35

thin walled, distensible, and collapsible vessels that are capable of enlarging and storing large quantities of blood to the circulation when needed

Answer 35

veins

Question 36

period of cardiac cycle is marked by ventricular relaxation and filling

Answer 36

diastole period

Question 37

heart valve that controls the direction of blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle is called

Answer 37

tricuspid valve

Question 38

neural mechanisms and humoral mechanisms are examples of

Answer 38

short term regulation of blood pressure

Question 39

disorders of the heart muscle and are usually associated with disorders of myocardial performance, which may be mechanical or electrical

Answer 39

cardiomyopathies

Question 40

heart rate in WHAT is often slower than normal, the skin is dry and warm. these findings are considered the cardinal signs of this type of shock

Answer 40

neurogenic shock

Question 41

most dramatic symptom of acute heart failure syndrome and is characterized by capillary build moving into the alveoli

Answer 41

pulmonary edema

Question 42

pulmonary ventiliation is the movement of blood through the lungs

Answer 42

false; total exchange of gas between atmosphere and lungs

Question 43

deoxygenated blood leaves the right heart through th pulmonary veins

Answer 43

false; artery

Question 44

peripheral chemoreceptors monitor arterial oxygen levels and will stimulate respirations when the po2 has dropped below 60 mm hg

Answer 44

true

Question 45

lung compliance refers to the ease with which the lungs can be inflated

Answer 45

true

Question 46

movement of air through the dead space contributes to the work of breathing but not to gas exchange

Answer 46

true

Question 47

produced by type ii alveolar cells, exerts very important effects on lung inflation, including lowering the surface tension, increasing the lung compliance and ease of inflation, and assisting in preventing pulmonary edema by keeping the alveoli dry

Answer 47

surfactant

Question 48

relation between the oxygen carried in combination with hemoglobin and the po2 of the blood can be described using the oxygen hemoglobin

Answer 48

dissociation curve

Question 49

most important chemoreceptors for sensing changes in blood carbon dioxide content are

Answer 49

central chemoreceptors

Question 50

process by which gases in the alveoli cross the alveolar-capillary membrane

Answer 50

diffusion

Question 51

blood vessels in the pulmonary circulation undergo significant WHAT when they are exposed to hypoxia

Answer 51

vasoconstriction

Question 52

most frequent cause of respiratory tract infections

Answer 52

virus

Question 53

viral infection that can affect the upper and lower respiratory tract and is transmitted by aerosol or direct contact

Answer 53

influenza

Question 54

represents reinfection from either inhaled droplet nuclei or reactivation of a previously healed primary lesion

Answer 54

secondary tuberculosis

Question 55

typical pneumonias result from infection by bacteria

Answer 55

true

Question 56

viral infection that has a peak incidence between 3-6 months of age and is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus

Answer 56

acute bronchiolitis

Question 57

common cold is a viral infection of the

Answer 57

upper resp tract

Question 58

pneumonias are commonly categorized as being either community acquired or

Answer 58

hospital acquired

Question 59

infectious disease caused by M tuberculosis, a rod shaped aerobic bacterium that is resistant to destruction

Answer 59

tuberculosis

Question 60

an inflammation of the nasal passages and sinusitis to an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 60

rhinitis

Question 61

dramatic, potentially fatal condition that is characterized by inflammatory edema of the supraglottic area, including the epiglottis and pharyngeal structures

Answer 61

acute epiglottitis

Question 62

pleural, musculoskeletal and myocardial pain are similar in description and almost impossible to differentiate

Answer 62

false

Question 63

extrinsic or atopic asthma is typically initiated by a type I hypersensitivity reaction induced by exposure to an antigen or allergen

Answer 63

true

Question 64

persons with emphysema are often labels as blue bloaters due to the chronic hypoxemia and eventually right side heart failure with peripheral edema

Answer 64

false; pink puffers

Question 65

manifested by pancreatic exocrine deficiency and a noted increase in levels of sodium chloride in the sweat

Answer 65

cystic fibrosis

Question 66

hypercapnia refers to an abnormal increase in oxygen levels

Answer 66

false

Question 67

abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

Answer 67

pleural effusion

Question 68

most frequent admitting diagnosis in children hospitals and is a leading cause of chronic illness in children

Answer 68

asthma

Question 69

occurs when the intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, permitting air to enter but not leave the pleural space

Answer 69

tension pneumothorax

Question 70

when a blood borne substance lodges in a branch of the pulmonary artery and obstructs blood flow

Answer 70

pulmonary embolism

Question 71

right sided heart failure resulting from primary lung disease and involves hypertrophy and eventual failure of that ventricle

Answer 71

cor pulmonale