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NURSING PATHO > PRE LECTURES FOR TEST 2 > Flashcards

PRE LECTURES FOR TEST 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

HDL is WHAT cholesterol

A

good

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2
Q

most abdominal aneurysms are asymptomatic

A

false; thoracic

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3
Q

primary hypertension is characterized by chronic elevation in blood pressure that results form some other disorder such as kidney disease

A

false; secondary hypert

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4
Q

orthostatic hypotension is an abnormal rise in bp that occurs when assuming the standing position from that of the supine position

A

false; drop in bp

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5
Q

venous insufficiency leads to tissue congestion and edema in lower extremities

A

true

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6
Q

controls the transfer of molecules across the vascular wall, plays a role in platelet adhesion and blood clotting, and functions in the modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance

A

endothelium

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7
Q

carries a risk for the development of atherosclerosis, a major cause of cardiovascular disease

A

hyperlipidemia

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8
Q

functional disorder caused by intense vasospasm of the arteries and arterioles in the fingers and less often in the toes

A

raynaud phenomenon

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9
Q

an acute, life threatening condition that involves hemorrhage into the vessel wall with longitudinal tearing or separation of the vessel wall to form a blood filled channel

A

aortic dissection

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10
Q

pericarditis represents an inflammatory process of the myocardium

A

false; pericardium

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11
Q

all types of angina represent an acute myocardial infarction, aka heart attack

A

true

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12
Q

the heart extracts and uses 60-80% of oxygen in blood flowing through the coronary arteries

A

true

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13
Q

atherosclerosis is by far the most common cause of coronary heart disease

A

true

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14
Q

stable atherosclerotic plaques tend to rupture more than unstable atherosclerotic plaques and lead to acute coronary syndromes, ranging from unstable angina to ST segment elevation MI

A

false

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15
Q

life threatening, slow or rapid compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid, pus, or blood in the pericardial sac

A

cardiac tamponade

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16
Q

a disorder that follows a group A strep

A

rheumatic heart disease

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17
Q

is of great concern due to the potential effects of chronic valvular disorders that produce permanent cardiac dysfunction and sometimes fatal heart failure years later

A

rheumatic heart disease

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18
Q

a narrowing of the valve orifice and failure of the valve leaflets to close properly

A

stenosis

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19
Q

creatinine kinase, myoglobin, and troponin are known as WHAT and are useful for acute myocardial infarction determination and classification

A

serum cardiac markers

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20
Q

decreased cardiac output will lead to an increase in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate

A

false ; decrease

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21
Q

endothelins are potent vasodilators that are released from the endothelial cells throughout the circulation

A

true

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22
Q

myocardial hypertrophy is a long term mechanism by which the heart compensates for increased workload

A

true

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23
Q

afterload represents the force that the contracting heart must generate to eject blood from the filled heart

A

true

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24
Q

major complications of shock include pulmonary injury, acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal ulceration, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

A

true

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25
Q

blood backs up in the systemic circulation, causing peripheral edema and congestion of the abdominal organs

A

right sided heart failure

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26
Q

most common cause of WHAT is acute myocardial infarction

A

cardiogenic shock

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27
Q

examples of WHAT include loss of whole blood , plasma, or extracellular fluid

A

hypovolemic shock

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28
Q

left side of heart pumps blood to lungs

A

false ; right

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29
Q

venues side of circulation contains a larger portion of the blood volume than the arterial side

A

true

30
Q

rate of blood flow through a vessel is affected by pressure, resistance, and vessel radius

A

true

31
Q

loose fitting sac that surrounds the heart is called the myocardium

A

false; muscular portion

32
Q

rhythmic impulse of the cardiac condition system is generation at the AV node known as the pacemaker of the heart

A

false; SA node

33
Q

the result of disorganized electrical activity within the atrium or the ventricle

A

fibrillation

34
Q

amount of blood the heart pumps each minute and is determined by the formula SV x HR

A

cardiac output

35
Q

thin walled, distensible, and collapsible vessels that are capable of enlarging and storing large quantities of blood to the circulation when needed

A

veins

36
Q

period of cardiac cycle is marked by ventricular relaxation and filling

A

diastole period

37
Q

heart valve that controls the direction of blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle is called

A

tricuspid valve

38
Q

neural mechanisms and humoral mechanisms are examples of

A

short term regulation of blood pressure

39
Q

disorders of the heart muscle and are usually associated with disorders of myocardial performance, which may be mechanical or electrical

A

cardiomyopathies

40
Q

heart rate in WHAT is often slower than normal, the skin is dry and warm. these findings are considered the cardinal signs of this type of shock

A

neurogenic shock

41
Q

most dramatic symptom of acute heart failure syndrome and is characterized by capillary build moving into the alveoli

A

pulmonary edema

42
Q

pulmonary ventiliation is the movement of blood through the lungs

A

false; total exchange of gas between atmosphere and lungs

43
Q

deoxygenated blood leaves the right heart through th pulmonary veins

A

false; artery

44
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors monitor arterial oxygen levels and will stimulate respirations when the po2 has dropped below 60 mm hg

A

true

45
Q

lung compliance refers to the ease with which the lungs can be inflated

A

true

46
Q

movement of air through the dead space contributes to the work of breathing but not to gas exchange

A

true

47
Q

produced by type ii alveolar cells, exerts very important effects on lung inflation, including lowering the surface tension, increasing the lung compliance and ease of inflation, and assisting in preventing pulmonary edema by keeping the alveoli dry

A

surfactant

48
Q

relation between the oxygen carried in combination with hemoglobin and the po2 of the blood can be described using the oxygen hemoglobin

A

dissociation curve

49
Q

most important chemoreceptors for sensing changes in blood carbon dioxide content are

A

central chemoreceptors

50
Q

process by which gases in the alveoli cross the alveolar-capillary membrane

A

diffusion

51
Q

blood vessels in the pulmonary circulation undergo significant WHAT when they are exposed to hypoxia

A

vasoconstriction

52
Q

most frequent cause of respiratory tract infections

A

virus

53
Q

viral infection that can affect the upper and lower respiratory tract and is transmitted by aerosol or direct contact

A

influenza

54
Q

represents reinfection from either inhaled droplet nuclei or reactivation of a previously healed primary lesion

A

secondary tuberculosis

55
Q

typical pneumonias result from infection by bacteria

A

true

56
Q

viral infection that has a peak incidence between 3-6 months of age and is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus

A

acute bronchiolitis

57
Q

common cold is a viral infection of the

A

upper resp tract

58
Q

pneumonias are commonly categorized as being either community acquired or

A

hospital acquired

59
Q

infectious disease caused by M tuberculosis, a rod shaped aerobic bacterium that is resistant to destruction

A

tuberculosis

60
Q

an inflammation of the nasal passages and sinusitis to an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

A

rhinitis

61
Q

dramatic, potentially fatal condition that is characterized by inflammatory edema of the supraglottic area, including the epiglottis and pharyngeal structures

A

acute epiglottitis

62
Q

pleural, musculoskeletal and myocardial pain are similar in description and almost impossible to differentiate

A

false

63
Q

extrinsic or atopic asthma is typically initiated by a type I hypersensitivity reaction induced by exposure to an antigen or allergen

A

true

64
Q

persons with emphysema are often labels as blue bloaters due to the chronic hypoxemia and eventually right side heart failure with peripheral edema

A

false; pink puffers

65
Q

manifested by pancreatic exocrine deficiency and a noted increase in levels of sodium chloride in the sweat

A

cystic fibrosis

66
Q

hypercapnia refers to an abnormal increase in oxygen levels

A

false

67
Q

abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

A

pleural effusion

68
Q

most frequent admitting diagnosis in children hospitals and is a leading cause of chronic illness in children

A

asthma

69
Q

occurs when the intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, permitting air to enter but not leave the pleural space

A

tension pneumothorax

70
Q

when a blood borne substance lodges in a branch of the pulmonary artery and obstructs blood flow

A

pulmonary embolism

71
Q

right sided heart failure resulting from primary lung disease and involves hypertrophy and eventual failure of that ventricle

A

cor pulmonale

NURSING PATHO (16 decks)

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