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Anatomy > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Functions of Nervous System (3)

A

Sensory Input
Integration
Motor output

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1
Q

Nervous System

A

Master control & communicating system of the body

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2
Q

Sensory Input

A

Monitoring stimuli

Hand on a hot stove

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3
Q

Integration

A

Interpretation of sensory input

Brain & spinal chord send motor neuron to hand

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4
Q

Motor Output

A

Tells muscles to take hand off stove

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5
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain & Spinal chord

Integration & command center

Can’t repair itself

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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Paired spinal & cranial nerves

Carries messages to and from the spinal chord & brain.

Can repair itself

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7
Q

2 Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Afferent Division

2. Motor Efferent Division

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8
Q

What are the 2 Sensory Afferent Divisions?

A

Sensory Afferent Fibers &

Visceral Afferent Fibers

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9
Q

Sensory Afferent Fibers

A

carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, & joints to the brain.

Ex) can tell penny from quarter using only fingers

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10
Q

Visceral Afferent Fibers

A

Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain.

Ex) explosive stomach ache pains

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11
Q

Motor Efferent Division

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to efferent organs

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12
Q

Two Main Parts of Motor Efferent Division

A

Somatic Nervous System &

Autonomic Nervous System

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13
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Conscious control of skeletal muscles

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Unconsciously regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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15
Q

Two Devisions of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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16
Q

Sympathetic

A

Flight or Fight

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17
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest & Digest

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18
Q

Neuron (Nerve Cell)

A

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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20
Q

Neuroglia

A

Insulate neurons of CNS by creating myelin sheath

Promote health & growth

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21
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Insulates neurons of PNS by creating myelin sheath

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22
Q

Structures of a Nerve Cell

A

Body (soma), axon, & dendrites

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23
Q

Dendrites

A

Gather info and send Action Potentials to cell body

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24
Q

Body (soma)

A

Determines if the info collected by dendrites is important or not.

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25
Q

Axon

A

If the info is important an electrical impulse is sent down the axon into neurotransmitters.

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26
Q

Axonal terminal

A

Branched terminus of axon

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27
Q

Processes

A

Arm like extension from cell body

Ex) dendrites & axons

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28
Q

Anterograde

A

Movement of neurotransmitters towards axonal terminal

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29
Q

Retrograde

A

Movement of neurotransmitters away from axonal terminals

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30
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

White, fatty sheath around most long axons.

Protects axon & increases speed of nerve impulses.

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31
Q

Neurolemma

A

Formed by remaining nucleus & cytoplasm of old Schwann Cell

Surrounds axon with plasma membrane

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32
Q

Structure of Myelin Sheath & Neurolemma

A

Neurilemma- outer layer

Myelin- 100’s of layers around Axon

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33
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • Gaps in myelin sheath between adjacent Schwanns cell
  • allows nutrients and waste to enter and exit the neuron.
  • allows the nerve impulses to move along the neuron by de-polarisation and re-polarisation
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34
Q

Pain cells don’t have myelin sheath which causes

A

Them to transmit to the brain slower

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35
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Consciously controlled
Striations
Responsible for motion

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36
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary movement
Striations
Contracts at steady rate

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37
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
No striations
Spindle shaped fibers
Lines walls of hollow organs except heart

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38
Q

Multiunit smooth muscle

A

Muscle fibers function alas individual myocytes

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39
Q

Single-unit smooth muscle

A

Individual myocytes are coupled together via gap junction

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40
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Branched cells that insulate CNS

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42
Q

Shape of skeletal & Smooth muscle cells

A

Elongated called muscle fibers

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43
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Muscle plasma membrane

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44
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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45
Q

Functions of Muscles

A 
Movement
Stability (tone of muscle) 
Storing/moving substances
Heat production (85% of body heat) 
Communication (writing/speech)
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46
Q

Properties of Muscle Tissue

A 
Responsiveness
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity 
Conductivity
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47
Q

Responsiveness

A

Stimulates muscle cell will respond with electrical change across membrane

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48
Q

Contractility

A

Muscle fibers ability to shorten when stimulated

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49
Q

Extensibility

A

Muscle cell ability to stretch

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50
Q

Conductivity

A

Muscle cell ability to spread electrical change along entire muscle cell

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51
Q

Structures of Skeletal Muscles

A 
Muscle fiber
Endomysium
Fascicle
Perimysium
Epimysium
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53
Q

Muscle Fiber

A

Skeletal Muscle cell

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54
Q

Fascicles

A

Group of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

55
Q

Perimysium

A

Separates fascicles

Thicker CT than endinysium

56
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds entire skeletal muscle

57
Q

Direct attachment (fleshy attachment)

A

No visible tendon

58
Q

Indirect attachment

A

Fuse together to create tendon

59
Q

Fascia

A

CT sheet that covers muscles to hold them in place

Not as tough or thick

60
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Broad sheet-like tendon

Ex) on top of head

61
Q

Retinaculum

A

Band of CT found in wrist & ankle

62
Q

Origin or Head (O)

A

Muscle attaches to stationary bone

Less movable

63
Q

Intention (I)

A

Muscle attaches to movable bone

More movable

64
Q

Belly

A

Mid region of bone

65
Q

Muscle action

A

Movement it produces

66
Q

Prime Mover (Agonist)

A

Main muscle of a movement

Do primary work

67
Q

Synergist

A

Muscles that aid prime mover

68
Q

Antagonist

A

Opposes prime mover to slow movement down

69
Q

Fixate

A

Holds bone in place

70
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

71
Q

Myofibrils

A

Long, densely packed, protein bundles within the sarcoplasm

Contains thick and thin filaments

72
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER of muscle cell

Forms a mesh around each microfibril

73
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A
  • Where the SR connects to larger SR
  • Enlarged areas of sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules.
  • store calcium and release it when an action potential courses down the transverse tubules.
74
Q

Myoglobin

A

Muscle pigment that binds and stores O2, which is used to create ATP

75
Q

Triad

A

Ca2+ goes from high to low concentration

76
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest unit of muscle cell

Between two z-discs

Made up of myofilaments

77
Q

Thick filament

A

Made up of myosin

Golf club shaped projections that grab onto thin filaments

78
Q

Thin Filaments

A

Made up of Actin

Connected to z-disc

79
Q

Elastic filament

A

Hold thick filament in place

Keeps muscle from over stretching

80
Q

Actin protein

A

Tropomyosin & Troponin

81
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Actin & myosin. (Do work)

82
Q

Regulatory protiens

A

Tropomyosin & troponin (tells actin and myosin when to work)

83
Q

Structural protiens

A

Provide alignment, stability, & elasticity

84
Q

A-Band

A

Thick filament

Dark band found on striated muscle

85
Q

I-Band

A

Absence of thick filament

86
Q

H-Zone

A

No thin filament

87
Q

Z-Disc

A

Coin-shaped sheet of proteins that anchors the this filaments

88
Q

One Sarcomere

A

Z-disc to Z-disc

89
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Tells muscles to contract

Cannot contract without calcium

90
Q

When nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon at the Neuromuscular Junction….

A

Sodium Na+ goes through channel into axon & raises action potential.
Action potential travels through tunnel of sarcolemma.
Depolarization occurs and sarcolemma becomes less neg.

91
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Space between end of an axon & muscle fibers

92
Q

Action Potential

A

A transient depolarization event that includes polarity reversal of sarcolemma.

93
Q

Depolarization

A

Change in cells membrane potential to positive or more positive

94
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds individual muscle cells

95
Q

Repolarization

A

Change in membrane potential that returns the membrane potential to neg after depolarization

98
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell

99
Q

Motor Unit

A

Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies

100
Q

Small Motor Unit

A

10 muscle cells connected to one nerve cell

Give precision (eyes/fingers)

101
Q

Large Motor Unit

A

100+ muscle cells connected to one nerve cell

Gives strength (arms/legs)

102
Q

Motor Unit Recruitment

A

The more motor units that contract, the stronger the contraction

103
Q

Factors that increase muscle strength:

A
  • Amount of motor units
  • temporal summation
  • muscle size
  • arrangement pinnate>parallel
  • motor unit size
  • length/tension relationship
  • fatigued
104
Q

Phases if a muscle twitch

A

Latent period
Contraction period
Relaxation period

105
Q

Latent period

A

Time it takes for Ca+ to be released from the SR

106
Q

Contraction Period

A

Thick and thin filaments slide past each other

Muscle is completely flexed

107
Q

Relaxation Period

A

Ca2+ is being actively pumped back into the SR

108
Q

Twitch

A

Single brief stimulus causing a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation

109
Q

Treppe

A

Muscles relax fully between stimuli, but each twitch becomes stronger.

Ca+ and heat increases

110
Q

Wave Summation

A

Muscle does not fully relax between each stimuli.

Tension builds bc Ca+ is not fully pumped back into SR

111
Q

Infused Tetanus

A

Same as Wave Summation, except there in an increases stimulation rate

112
Q

Complete tetanus

A

Stimulation rate increases so much that the muscle has no time to relax. Forms a smooth long protraction.

113
Q

Muscle tone

A

Constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles.

Keeps muscles firm and healthy

114
Q

Slow Twitch Fibers

A

Contract slow & fatigue slow

Used for high endurance (marathon runners)

115
Q

Fast Twitch Fibers

A

Contract fast & fatigue fast

Larger than slow twitch & produce twitches.

Sprinters

116
Q

Creatine Phosphate (CP)

A

Immediate Energy

Creatine kinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to creatine phosphate

117
Q

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

A

Short term energy

Depletion of CP allows body to shift into anaerobic fermentation

118
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A

Long term energy (storage)

Krebs- aerobic respiration

119
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The extra amount of O2 needed for the above restorative processes

120
Q

Length Tebsion Relationships

A

Optimal Length
Understretched
Overstretched

121
Q

Optimal Length

A

All myosin heads have access to actin myosin building sites

122
Q

Understretched

A

Active insufficiency

Z-disc gets to close to m-line

123
Q

Overstretched

A

Passive insufficiency

Z-disc gets too far m-line

124
Q

Aerobic exercise increases:

A

Muscle Capillaries
Number of Mitochondria
Myoglobin Synthesis

125
Q

Resistance exercise results in:

A

Muscle Hypertrophy

Increased mitochondria, myofilaments, & glycogen

126
Q

Concentric contractions

A

Muscle shortens with contraction & tension increases

127
Q

Eccentric contractions

A

Muscle lengthens with contraction & tension increases

128
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscle degenerates as a result of not using it or spinal problem

129
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the size or number of muscle cells (myocytes)

130
Q

Action Potential Scan

A

Na+ channel opens
Na+ channel closes-action potential
K+ channels open

131
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

Increasing muscle tension

Muscle length doesn’t change

132
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

Muscle length changes

Shortens/lengthens

133
Q

Oligodendrites

A

Branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers

Anatomy (14 decks)

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