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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

0
Q

Atrial Systole

A

(Atrial contraction) forces blood into ventricles until pressure equalizes between atrium and ventricles.

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1
Q

Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Systole & Atrial Diastole steps…..

A
  • atrial systole
  • qrs complex
  • Isovolumetric contraction
  • ventricular ejection
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2
Q

QRS Complex

A

Tells ventricles to start contracting

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3
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Ventricles start contracting

Pressure increases in ventricles

AV valves force shut

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4
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

Pressure in ventricles is higher than in pulmonary trunk.

Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected.

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5
Q

Cardiac Cycle: Relaxation steps

A

-ventricular diastole
-isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular filling

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6
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk pressure is higher than ventricle pressure

Semilunar valves close

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7
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

All four valves are closed

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8
Q

Ventricular filling

A

Ventricles relax and pressure drops

Blood flows back into ventricles

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9
Q

Heart gets blood though ________, while all others get blood from ________.

A

Relaxation

Contraction

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10
Q

Myogenic

A

Stimulus that tells the cardiac muscle to contract (beat).

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11
Q

Sinotrial Node

A

Increases the contraction rate of cardiac muscle cells

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12
Q

Sinus Rhythm

A

(Normal heart rate) 70-80beats/min

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13
Q

AV Node

A

Depolarises at about 50beats/min

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14
Q

Bundle of His

A

Receives signals from AV node and depolarizes at 30 bpm

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15
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart

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16
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart

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17
Q

Ectopic Pacemaker

A

Any region of spontaneous firing other than SA Node

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18
Q

Nodal Rhythm

A

AV Node produces slower heart rate

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19
Q

Bradycardia

A

40-50 beats/min

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20
Q

Pericsrdium

A

2 layers

  • outer fibrous layer
  • parietal pericardium
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21
Q

Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)

A

Innermost layer producing serous fluid

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22
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Slippery secretion that reduces friction

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23
Q

Myocardium

A

Hearts actual muscle (thickest)

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24
Q

Endocardium

A

Smooth inner lining of chambers and valves

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25
Q

Right Atrium

A

Receives blood from Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, & coronary sinus.

Sends blood to right ventricle

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26
Q

Left Atrium

A

Received blood from pulmonary veins coming from the lungs.

Sends blood to left ventricle

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27
Q

Right & Left Auricles

A

Flaps that increase atrium’s volume carrying capacity.

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28
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Receives blood from right atrium

Sends blood to lungs though the pulmonary trunk (Pulmonary Circut)

29
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Receives blood from Left Atrium

Sends blood throughout entire body through the Aorta (Systemic Circut)

30
Q

Septa

A

Walls between chambers of the heart

31
Q

Interstitial Septum

A

Wall between left & right atrium

32
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Wall between right & left ventricles

33
Q

AV Valves

A

Regulate openings between atriums & ventricles

  • Right AV Valve (3 cusps)
  • Left AV Valve (2 cusps)

ONLY valves with chordae tendineae

34
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

Regulate flow of blood from ventricles to great arteries

  • Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
  • Aortic Semilunar Valve
35
Q

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

A

Controls openings from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk

36
Q

Aortic Semilunar Valve

A

Controls opening from left ventricle to aorta

37
Q

Anatomy of a Muscle Cell

A

Striated

1 centrally located nucleus

Branches of intercalated discs

38
Q

3 Features of Intercalated Discs

A
  1. Interdigitating Folds
  2. Mechanical Junction
  3. Electrical Junction (Gap Junction)
39
Q

Interdigitating Fold

A

Interlock between cardiac muscle cells to increase surface area

40
Q

Mechanical Juction

A

Tightly holds cells together

41
Q

Electrical Junction

A

Allow ions to flow from one cell to another

42
Q

Layers (Tunics) of vessels:

A
  1. Tunica Interna
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externa
43
Q

Tunica Interna

A

Endothelium that lines the lumen of vessels

simple squamous epithelium

44
Q

Tunica Media

A

Middle layer of vessel consisting of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

45
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Outer most layer made up of elastic & collagen fibers

46
Q

3 Main Types of Capillaries

A
  1. Continuous Capillaries
  2. Fensestrated Capillaries
  3. Sinusoids
47
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

Endothelial cells form a continuous tube.

Least Leaky- only small particles allowed through

Skin, skeletal/smooth muscle, CT, & lungs

48
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Endothelial cells from many fenestrations (holes).

Less Leaky- medium particles can go through

Kidney, sm intestine, & endocrine glands

49
Q

Sinusoids

A

Endothelial cells loosely attach & form large intercellular clefts.

Most Leaky- Large partials allowed to go through

Red bown marrow, liver, spleen & parathyroid glands

50
Q

Filtration

A

Something moves from inside the blood to outside the blood.

Ex) Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP)
& Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure (IFOP)

51
Q

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure places on blood from ventricular systole

52
Q

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure

A

Osmotic pressure placed on blood from interstitial solutes

53
Q

Reabsorption

A

Moves from outside the blood to inside the blood

Ex) Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) & Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP)

54
Q

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

Osmotic pressure places on blood from solutes in blood plasma

55
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

A

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure + Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure
-
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure + Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure
=
Net Filtration Pressure

56
Q

Sterling a Law of Capillaries

A

The volume of liquid reabsorbed is always less than the volume of liquid that is filtered out.

57
Q

How does the Lymphatic System help regulate the cardiovascular system?

A

Picks up remaining ECF at capillary bed that originated from blood plasma, & returns it to venous blood.

Without lymphatic system the capillaries would swell up

58
Q

Latent Period of a muscle twitch

A

Time it takes for Ca+ to be released from SR

59
Q

Contraction Period of a muscle twitch

A

THICK AND THIN FILAMENT SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER

60
Q

Relaxation period of a muscle twitch

A

Ca2+ is being actively pumped back into the SR

61
Q

From fetal to adult: Ductus Arteriosus becomes…

A

Ligamentum Arteriosum

62
Q

From fetal to adult: foramen ovale becomes…

A

Fossa Ovalis

63
Q

From fetal to adult: Ductus Venosus becomes…

A

Ligamentum Venosum

64
Q

From fetal to adult: umbilical Vein becomes…

A

Ligamentum Teres

65
Q

From fetal to adult: Umbilical arteries become…

A

Medial Umbilical Ligaments

66
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Unconsciously regulates cardiac muscles

67
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Releases

  • epinephrine/noraepinephrine
  • Antidiaretic Hormones
  • Aldosterone
68
Q

Epinephrine/Noraepinephrine

A

Raises heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow.

69
Q

Antidiaretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Reserves water and dumps it back into the blood which raises the blood volume

70
Q

Aldosterone

A

Reabsorbs salts (Na+) & dumps it back into the blood along with water.

Blood volume rises

71
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Releases Acetylcholine which slows heart rate & drops blood pressure

Anatomy (14 decks)

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