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Anatomy > Ch 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Ch 3 & 4 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the Mesoderm and what type of tissue layer does it give rise to? Examples (5)?

A

Middle layer of embryonic tissue.

Gives rise to the connective tissues & most muscle tissues.

Loose C.T.- areolar, adipose & reticular
Dense C.T.- reg., irregular, & elastic
Cartilage C.T.- hyaline, fibro, & elastic Bone- compact & spongey
Blood

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1
Q

What is the Endoderm, and what type of tissue layer does it give rise to? Location?

A

Inner layer of embryonic tissue.

Gives rise to mucus membrane

Digestive/respiratory tracts & inner lining of heart and blood vessels.

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2
Q

What is the Ectoderm and what type of tissue layer does it give rise to?

A

The outer layer of embryonic tissue.

Gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system.

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3
Q

Basement Membrane

Basal surface

A

Adheres epithelium to underlying extra cellular materials via hemidesmosomes

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4
Q

What is the function of a Gland?

A

Secretes substances, composed primarily of epithelial tissue.

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5
Q

Endocrine Gland

Examples

A

Secrete HORMONES directly into the blood. Does not come in contact with a surface (doesn’t have a duct)

Pancreas gland, pituitary, & thyroid

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6
Q

Exocrine glands

Examples

A

More numerous than endocrine glands, and have contact with a surface via duct (tube of epithelial tissue).

Pancreatic enzymes, sweat gland, & tear glands.

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7
Q

What are the two structural classifications of glands? Define.

A

Unicellular- single cell that secretes mucus directly into the surface of an epithelial lining.

Multicellular- many cells that form a microscopic structure. Most common. Ex. Pituitary, Thyroid, sweat, & mammary.

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8
Q

Merocrine glands

Eccrine gland

A

Vesicles filled with secretions are released via exocytosis. (Ex. Tear/sweat) Most common.

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9
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Accumulate secretory product at the surface and then pinch off that portion of the cell to release. (Ex. Mammary)

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10
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Accumulate the secretion until they are full, the the entire cell disintegrates.
(Ex. Oil glands)

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11
Q

Gap Juntion

A

Connects cytoplasm of 2 cells & allows molecules and ions to pass through.

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12
Q

Tight Junction

A

Holds things INSIDE (zip-lock bag)

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13
Q

Adherons junction

A

Holds things TOGETHER (zipper)

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14
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Tough; provides high tensile strength

Ex. Tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin

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15
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Long, thin fibers that allow stretch

Ex. Arteries, lungs, skin

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16
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Branched collagenous fibers that form a strong yet flexible frame for some organs.

Ex. Spleen & Lymph Nodes

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17
Q

Fibroblast

A

Give rise to loose and dense CT

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18
Q

Chondroblast (Chondrocyte)

A

Give ride to cartilages

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19
Q

Osteoblast (Osteocyte)

A

Give rise to bone

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20
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

Examples

A

Give rise to blood

Erythrocytes- red blood cells
Leukocytes- white blood cells
Thrombocytes- platelets

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21
Q

Codons

A

mRNA

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22
Q

Anticodon

A

tRNA

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23
Q

Where do you get the Amino Acids from on the chart??

A

mRNA

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24
Q

Microphages

A

Eat and destroy bacteria and clean up dead cells of the body.

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25
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies (markers for immune system)

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26
Q

Mast Cells

A

Secrete heparin to prevent blood clotting & histamine to increase blood flow

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27
Q

Adipocytes (fat cells)

A

Store triglycerides (fats) for energy. Many in one area is called adipose tissue.

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28
Q

Transcription

A

DNA —> mRNA

takes place in the nucleus

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29
Q

Translation

A

mRNA —> protein

Takes place outside the nucleus

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30
Q

Transcription

Step 1

A

At the promoter region of DNA, RNA polymerase is “told” where to start transcription of pre-mRNA.

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31
Q

Transcription

Step 2

A

RNA polymerase continues transcribing until reaching the terminator region of DNA.
(Pre-mRNA is complete)

32
Q

Transcription

Step 3

A

Spliceosomes remove introns from pre-mRNA & spice the exons together.

(mRNA is complete)

33
Q

Translation

Step 1

A

mRNA, tRNA (with attached A.A. Meth), and ribosomes create a complex.

34
Q

Translation

Step 2

A

Large subunit of ribosomes binds to the complex, placing tRNA in P-site
(Enter).

35
Q

Translation

Step 3

A

Condon-Amticodon base pairing forms at empty A-site.

36
Q

Mutations

A

Any change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule resulting in a permanent alteration.

37
Q

Translation/Transcription mistakes

A

Any change in the sequence of bases in a RNA molecule.

NOT inheritable trait.

38
Q

Shifted Code Error

A

Nucleotide (“A”) is deleted

39
Q

3rd Nucleotide is Subsituted

A

3rd nucleotide is each pair is subsituted for a different letter

40
Q

Amino acid with different properties is substituted

A

GAG—> GUG

41
Q

Are all Errors Equally Damaging?

A

Shifted- no damage
3rd Base Paring- no damage
Similar properties- sometimes
Different properties- damaging

42
Q

Translation

Step 4

A

A.A from tRNA in P-site creates a peptide bond with A.A on tRNA at A-site.

43
Q

Translation

Step 5

A

“Spent”tRNA leaves P-site as ribosomes shifts 1 codon to the right.
Thus,
tRNA in P-site leaves as tRNA from A-site enters the now open P-site.

44
Q

Translation

Step 6

A

Cycle continues until “STOP” codon

45
Q

Passive Processes

A

No energy required

46
Q

Active Process

A

Either directly or indirectly uses up ATP

47
Q

Diffusion

A

Moves from high concentration to low concentration.

48
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Spreads through vibration

Ex. perfume in a room

49
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Only allows certain things through.

50
Q

Osmosis

A

Water goes from high concentration to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

51
Q

Sodium/Potassium Pump

A

Takes two K+ inside cell, & three Na+ out of cell.

52
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

H2O moves in and out of cell simultaneously.

53
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

More H2O inside cell (SWELLS)

54
Q

Hypertonic Solution.

A

Less H2O inside cell (SHRIVELS)

H2O wants to escape protien

55
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Skin

56
Q

Mucous Membrane

Examples (4)

A

Lines body cavities open to the exterior and contain goblet cells to secrete mucus.

Mucosa of Nasal cavity
Mucosa of Mouth
Mucosa of lung bronchi
Esophagus lining

57
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

Produces synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant on joints.

58
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Cell’s skin

Made up of mostly phospholipids

Glycolipids (give cell it’s shape)

59
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generates ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration.

(Energy factory)

60
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes lipids and steroids

Detoxifies drugs

61
Q

Rough ER

A

Synthesizes proteins and phospholipids

Rough because it is covered in ribosomes

62
Q

Ribosomes

A

Proteins pounded together

Found in cytoplasm

63
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Finishing & Shipping department

Transports protiens

64
Q

Vesicles

Examples (3)

A

Spheres of plasma membrane

Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Secretory vesicles

65
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where ribosomes are made

66
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA of cell

67
Q

Centrosome

A

Makes cilia & flagella (tail on sperm)

68
Q

What are the 3 Germ layers from top to bottom?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

69
Q

tRNA

Where & why is it important?

A

Nucleus

Brings AA to mRNA so it can pair up

70
Q

mRNA

A

Nucleus

Tells AA how to align to make specific proteins

71
Q

Introns

A

Sections of unimportant mRNA that are cut out and thrown away

72
Q

Exons

A

Important sections that are bonded together to make finished mRNA product

73
Q

Replication

A

The “S” phase of interphase

Makes actual DNA, unlike translation & transcription which only makes photo copy (RNA)

74
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Directly uses ATP

75
Q

RMP

A

Resting Membrane Potential

Cells is at rest and stays slightly neg.

76
Q

AP

A

Action Potential

The cells becomes slightly positive

77
Q

ECF/ICF

A

Extra cellular fluid- outside cell

Intracellular fluid- outside cell

Anatomy (14 decks)

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