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Anatomy > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Least malignant & most common

Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis

Slow growing

Surgically cured

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1
Q

Most common type of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes

Most dangerous bc it is highly metastatic and resistant against chemo

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4
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.

Appears red where capillaries are close to the surface (ex lips)

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5
Q

Melanin

A

The amount of melanin is largely responsible for different skin colors.

Comes from genetics or light exposure

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6
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow pigment found in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat.

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7
Q

Abnormal skin colors

A

Cyanosis, erythema, jaundice, bronzing, pallor, albinism, hematoma.

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8
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue skin color due to decrease in O2 in the blood. (Cold weather/heart attack)

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9
Q

Erythema

A

Increased blood flow (dilated blood vessels die to exercise, sun burn, anger, embarrassment or leaky capillaries)

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10
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood. (Malfunctioning liver)

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11
Q

Bronzing

A

Golden brown skin color due to Addison disease (decreased glucocorticoid hormone)

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12
Q

Pallor

A

Pale ashen skin color due to decreased blood flow through the skin (decreased rbc’s or hemoglobin)

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13
Q

Albinism

A

No melanin production due to genetic factors (no tyrosinase enzyme)

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14
Q

Hematoma

A

Bruise (clotted blood)

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15
Q

Epidermal wound healing

A

Tissue will repair 100%

Stratum basal cell at end of wound enlarge and cellular devision begins

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16
Q

Deep would healing

A

Bleeding occurs

Dermis layer or deeper

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17
Q

4 phases of deep wound healing

A

Inflammatory phase
Migratory phase
Proliferator phase
Maturation phase

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18
Q

Inflammatory phase

A

Blood clot forms and mast cells release histamine to allow wbc’s and plasma in

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19
Q

Migratory phase

A

Clot becomes scab and epithelial cells migrate beneath it and scar tissue forms

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20
Q

Proliferation phase

A

Continuation of migratory phase

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21
Q

Maturation phase

A

Scab falls off following restoration of epithelial tissue

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22
Q

Thick epidermis

A

Located on hands and feet

Has sweat glands but no hair follicles of oil glands

400-600um thick

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23
Q

Thin epidermis

A

Anywhere thick skin is not found

Includes hair follicles, oils glands, and sweat glands.

75-150um thick

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24
Q

Dermis

A

Deep connective tissue layer. (collagen & elastic fibers)

Mainly dense irregular ct

Contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles, and nail roots.

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25
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer that binds the skin to underlying layers.

NOT part of the skin layers

Adipose and areolar tissue

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26
Q

2 zones of the dermis

A

Papillary region- (1/5th) controls temperature. contains areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae, and pain receptors.

Reticular layer- (4/5th) composed of dense irregular ct and collagen that produces stretch marks

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27
Q

Cells within epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
langerhans
melanocytes
merkel cells

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28
Q

Keratinocytes

A

90% of all epidermal cells

Synthesize keratin & help with friction and waterproofing skin

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29
Q

Langerhans

A

Immune surface of epidermis

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30
Q

Melanocytes

A

Synthesize melanin found in keratinocytes & then the melanin protects DNA in keratinocytes from damage

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31
Q

Merkel cells

A

Sensation of the skin

Communicates with nervous tissue within the dermis

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32
Q

Cutaneous gland

A

Sweat glands

Ex. Eccrine & apocrine

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33
Q

Eccrine sweat gland

A

Most numerous

Produce watery perspiration to cool down the body

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34
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Secrete thicker, more milky sweat.

Smelly (arm pit ect)

Don’t developed until puberty

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35
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Produce oily secretion called sebum.
Typically in hair follicles.

Holocrine glands. (Suicide)

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36
Q

Rules of Nines

A

Estimates the severity of burns

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37
Q

Burns are considered critical IF

A
  • over 25% has second degree burns
  • over 10% has third degree burns
  • third degree burns on hands/face/feet
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38
Q

Partial thickness burns

A

1st & 2nd degree burns

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39
Q

Full thickness burn

A

3rd degree burn

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40
Q

1st Degree Burn

A

Harms only epidermis

Localized redness & painful

Ex. Sunburn without blisters

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41
Q

2nd Degree Burn

A

Epidermis and some dermis

Red/tan/white blisters

Ex. Sunburn with blisters

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42
Q

3rd Degree Burn

A

All epidermis, dermis, and possibly deeper tissue.

No initial pain & usually causes dehydration.

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43
Q

Contractures

A

Scar tissue that prevents movement

Commonly seen with people who received 3rd degree burns and need a skin graft

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44
Q

ABCD signs

A

Help to tell if you have Malignant Melanoma

A- assymetrical
B- border is irregular
C- multicolored
D- Diameter is large (6mm)

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45
Q

What causes goose bumps?

A

Sympathetic nervous system sends signals to tiny muscle on base of hairs, arrectores pilorum, to contract and pull hair erect.

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46
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Make ear wax

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47
Q

Breast & Mammary glands

A

Breast- male and female

Mammary- produce milk

48
Q

Thermo regulation

A

Regulates body temp

Where swear glands are located

49
Q

What does the epidermis provide a Resevoir for?

A

For blood.

Skin blood vessels store about 5% of our bodies blood

50
Q

How does epidermis provide Protection?

A

Acts as a chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier.

Located in the dermis

51
Q

How does epidermis work as a Sensory function?

A

Skin allows is to feel heat, cold, texture ect

52
Q

Cutaneous absobtion

A

Absorbs some oxygen through the skin, but not enough to sustain life

53
Q

How does epidermis synthesize Vitamin D?

A

UV rays penetrate blood capillaries and convert cholesterol to vitamin D

Used to make matrix of bone

54
Q

Epidermis Excretion?

A

Sweat

55
Q

Osteon. What is it? What does it contain?

A

Basic structural unit of compact bone. Contains lamellae & central canal.

56
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of hard, calcified matrix for weight bearing

57
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Area between osteons, which are fragments of older osteons.

58
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
Common on scalp, ears, lips
Rapid growth
Good prognosis

59
Q

Canaliculi

A

Microscopic canals radiating in all directions from a lacunae

62
Q

Lacunae

A

Small depression or cavity in a tissue that contains an osteon.

64
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough outer layer of collagen richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, & lymphatic vessels

65
Q

Central Canal

A

Canal at the center of each osteon that contains tissue

67
Q

Perforating Canal

A

Tunnels containing vessels and nerves that feed into the central canals

68
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Monitor stresses placed on bone.

Help make and maintain bone matrix.

69
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Dissolve bone

70
Q

Osteocyte

A

An old osteoblast that covers itself with bone matrix and is enveloped in a lacuna.

Maintain bone tissue

Communicate mechanical stressed to osteoblasts

71
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

Originate from fibroblasts and begin to make new bone.

Develops into an osteoblast

Youngest

73
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Space within diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow

74
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

Contains reticular ct

75
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

The hole where a blood vessel enters the bone to provide nutrients

79
Q

Maintaining Bone Homeostasis CALCITONIN

A
  • raising blood Ca2+ triggers release of calcitonin
  • calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bone.
  • Ca2+ levels decrease
80
Q

Maintaining Bone Homeostasis PARATHYROID

A
  • Falling blood Ca2+ signal parathyroid glands to release PTH
  • PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood
81
Q

Bone fractures are classified by…

A
  • position
  • completeness of break
  • orientation to long axis
  • if bone penetrates skin
82
Q

Nondisplaced

A

Bone ends retain their normal position

83
Q

Displaced

A

Bone ends are out of normal position

84
Q

Stress Fracture

A

Breaking due to abnormal trauma

Ex. Falls/sports

85
Q

Pathologic Fracture

A

Breaking due to disease

86
Q

Compete Fracture

A

Bone broken all the way through

87
Q

Incomplete Fracture

A

Not broken all the way through

88
Q

Linear Fracture

A

Parallel to long axis

89
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Perpendicular to long axis

90
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Ragged break when bone is excessively twisted

91
Q

Depressed Fracture

A

Broken bone portion pressed inward

Common in skull

92
Q

Closed (simple) Fracture

A

Bone breaks cleanly and doesn’t penetrate skin

93
Q

Open (compound) Fracture

A

Broken ends of bone protrude through soft tissue/skin

94
Q

Comminuted fractures

A

Bone breaks into three or more pieces

95
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

One side of bone breaks and the other side bends

96
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

Broken bone ends are forced into each other

97
Q

Compression fracture

A

Bone is crushed

98
Q

Epiphyseal Fracture

A

Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line

99
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone develops from fibrous membrane

Flat bones of the skull, mandible and clavicles

100
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bones formed by replacing hyaline cartilage

101
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

STEP 1

A

Development of the center of ossification

-osteogenic cells gather together and become osteoblasts which deposit bone matrix

102
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

STEP 2

A

Calcification

-matrix hardens

103
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

STEP 3

A

Formation of trabiculae

-thin plates of bone develop into trabiculae

104
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

STEP 4

A

Development of periosteum

-cells on the outside of the flat bone develops into the periosteum.

105
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

STEP 1

A

Development of the cartilage

-a cartilage model is formed via chondroblast

106
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

STEP 2

A

Growth of the cartilage model

-chondroblasts become Chondrocytes and continue to grow bone

107
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

STEP 3

A

Development of the 1st degree ossification center

-osteogenic cells form into osteoblasts

108
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

STEP 4

A

Development of the 2nd degree ossification center

-spongey bone developed outward

109
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

STEP 5

A

Formation of the Articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate

110
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth in thickness

111
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth in length

112
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense outer layer

113
Q

Spongey bone

A

Inner soft yellow honeycomb

114
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience.

Most abundant

115
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Allows for flexibility while maintaining shape

116
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Highly compressed with great tensile strength

117
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone reabsorption happens faster than bone deposit

Bones become fragile

119
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

120
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hips

123
Q

Long Bone Parts (6)

A 
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Articular Cartilage
Periosteum 
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Nutrient foramen
124
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft that provides leverage

125
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded head at each end that provides surface area for joints.

126
Q

Metaphysis

A

Where the Diaphysis joins the Epiphysis

127
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Aka: Growth Plate

  • Found only in growing bone.
  • made up of hyaline cartilage
128
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Surface of the bone that make a joint

Anatomy (14 decks)

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