Test 4 Flashcards
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
To manufacture sperm and the male hormone testosterone.
What are the functions of the female reproductive system?
To manufacture ova (eggs) and female hormones, provide an environment for fetal development, and provide milk for nourishment after birth.
List the structures in the male reproductive system.
- Penis
- Testes
- Scrotum
- Epididymis
- Vas deferens
- Erectile tissue
- Seminal vesicle
- Ejaculatory duct
- Prostate glands
List the structures in the female reproductive system.
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- External genitals
- Vulva
- Mammary glands or breast
What changes occur in the male reproductive system due to aging?
- Prostate enlarges
- Decrease in number and capability of sperm
- Sexual response slows
What is menopause?
The time when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months.
What are some factors affecting the sexual needs of the elderly?
- Illness
- Medications
- Vaginal atrophy
- Erectile dysfunction
- Fear of inadequate performance
- Lack of privacy
- Depression
What are the structures of the integumentary system?
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Oil glands
- Sweat glands
- Subcutaneous tissue
- Nerve endings
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
- Protect internal organs
- Protect against bacteria
- Prevent water loss
- Regulate body temperature
- Respond to stimuli
- Excrete waste
- Help produce vitamin D
What changes occur in the integumentary system due to aging?
- Decrease in fat and collagen
- Skin sags and wrinkles
- Hair and nail growth slows
- Skin becomes thinner and more fragile
What are pressure points?
Areas of the body that bear the greatest amount of weight.
Define shearing.
Rubbing or friction resulting from the skin moving one way and the bone underneath remaining fixed or moving in the opposite direction.
What are the stages of pressure injuries?
- Stage 1: Skin intact but may look red
- Stage 2: Partial-thickness skin loss
- Stage 3: Full-thickness loss with visible fat
- Stage 4: Full-thickness loss extending through all skin surfaces
- Unstageable: Extent of damage cannot be determined
- Deep tissue pressure injury: Intact or non-intact skin, deep red or purple
What are some observations to report regarding skin?
- Pale, white, or reddened skin
- Dry, cracked, or flaking skin
- Torn skin or blisters
- Changes in temperature or rashes
What is the purpose of warm applications?
Relieve pain and muscular tension.
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To pump blood through blood vessels to every cell in the body.
What are some functions of the circulatory system?
- Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones
- Remove waste products
- Control pH level and body temperature
- Clot blood and fight pathogens
What are common disorders of the circulatory system?
- Hypertension (HTN)
- Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- Angina
- Myocardial infarction
- Ischemia
What are the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
- Fatigue
- Difficulty breathing
- Increased pulse
- Edema
- Weight gain
What is COPD?
A chronic progressive disease that leads to difficulty breathing due to airway obstruction.
What is the purpose of elastic stockings?
Help prevent blood clots and swelling, increase circulation, and reduce fluid retention.
What does DVT stand for?
Deep vein thrombosis.
List some structures of the respiratory system.
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Alveoli
What changes occur in the respiratory system due to aging?
- Decreased lung strength
- Less elastic air sacs
- Decreased lung capacity
What is asthma?
A chronic, episodic disorder causing inflammation and swelling in the air passages.
What is the function of an incentive spirometer?
Encourages long, slow, deep breaths to help open the airway and clear the lungs.
What are the components of the musculoskeletal system?
- Muscles
- Bones
- Joints
- Ligaments
What is muscular dystrophy (MD)?
A hereditary, progressive disease causing muscle wasting, weakening, and disabilities.
What is osteoporosis?
A condition where bones become brittle and easy to break, often due to lack of calcium.
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of the joints.
What are some guidelines for caring for residents with amputations?
- Apply special compression bandages
- Perform regular skin care
- Clean the prosthesis socket regularly
What is the purpose of deep breathing exercises?
To strengthen breathing muscles and clear the lungs of fluid and mucus.
What is the role of the nervous system?
Controls and coordinates all body functions and sends messages throughout the body.
What are common disorders of the nervous system?
- CVA (stroke)
- Parkinson’s disease
- Seizures
- Head and spinal cord injuries
What does CVA stand for?
Cerebrovascular accident, also known as a stroke.
What is the significance of observing vital signs in residents?
To detect changes in health status, especially in pulse or blood pressure.
What does Parkinson’s disease refer to?
A progressive disorder that causes part of the brain to degenerate.
What is a concussion?
A head injury that is a bruise on the brain.
Define paraplegia.
The loss of function in the lower body and legs.
Define quadriplegia.
The loss of function in the arms, trunk, and legs.
What is epilepsy?
A disorder that causes recurring seizures.
What is nearsightedness?
The ability to see objects that are near more clearly than distant.
What is farsightedness?
The ability to see distant objects more clearly than objects that are near.
What is glaucoma?
The leading cause of blindness in the United States caused by increased pressure inside the eye damaging the optic nerve.
What does AMD stand for?
Age-related Macular Degeneration.
What is otitis media?
An infection in the middle ear causing symptoms such as pain, pressure, fever, and reduced ability to hear.
What is Meniere’s disease?
A disorder of the inner ear caused by a buildup of fluid, usually affecting one ear.
Define cognition.
The ability to think clearly and logically.
What can cause dementia?
Excessive alcohol or drug use, head injuries, thyroid disorders, nutritional deficiencies, especially of the B vitamins.
What are the stages of Alzheimer’s disease?
Mild, moderate, and severe.
How should you communicate with a resident?
Always approach from the front, smile and look happy, determine how close the resident wants you to be, communicate calmly, look at the resident while speaking, speak slowly, repeat yourself, only talk about one subject at a time, use signs to help communicate, and break complex tasks into smaller ones.
What attitude should be maintained while providing care?
Always be positive and empathetic, don’t take things personally, work with your team and family members, and remember the goals of the care plan.
What is validation therapy?
Letting residents believe they live in the past or in imaginary circumstances.
What is reminiscence therapy?
Encouraging residents to remember and talk about past experiences.
What is remotivation therapy?
Promotes self-esteem, self-awareness, and socialization by having residents gather in small groups.
