Test 3 VOCAB

Question 1

Grow optimally at 80-110 C

*hot springs

Answer 1

Hyperthermophiles

Question 2

Grow between 40-70c

*hotsprings

Answer 2

Thermophiles

Question 3

Grow between 10 - 50C

Answer 3

Mesophiles

Question 4

Grow between 0-30 C

Answer 4

Psychrotrophs

Question 5

Grow between -10 - 20 C

Answer 5

Psychrophiles

Question 6

bacteria that is extremely tolerant to low pH

*high use in industry / coal

Answer 6

Acidophiles

Question 7

Require high salt concentrations and can survive 30% solutions

Answer 7

Obligate halophiles

Question 8

do not require high salt concentrations but can survive up to 12%

Answer 8

Facultative halophiles

Question 9

An enzyme that breaks down superoxide radicals (02-)

and what reaction does it catalyze?

Answer 9

Superoxide dismutase

02- + 02- + 2H+ = H2O2 + 02

2 superoxide radicals plus 2 protons = Hydrogen peroxide and normal oxygen

Question 10

An enzyme which catalyzes hydrogen peroxide into 2 water molecules and oxygen

Answer 10

Catalase

Question 11

Allows us to grow organisms in a lab under controlled defined conditions, can be chemically defined, solid or liquid, aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 11

Culture media

Question 12

When we introduce bacteria on to a media

Answer 12

Inoculation

Question 13

Bacteria that was introduced onto a media is called

Answer 13

Inoculum

Question 14

as bacteria grows it is called a

Answer 14

culture

Question 15

media in which we do not know everything in it or how much

*typically contains extracts

Answer 15

Complex media

Question 16

Media in which we know everything in it as well as how much of it

Answer 16

Chemically defined media

Question 17

Complex polysaccharide derived from marine algae

Answer 17

Agar

Question 18

Oven-like creations which can hold many important factors constant

Factors such as: Temp, % CO2, %hydrogen, moisture,

Answer 18

Incubator

Question 19

Small vessels which we can add CO2 as well as remove oxygen to reproduce anaerobic conditions

Answer 19

Anaerobic jar

Question 20

Studying one bacteria at a time

Answer 20

Pure culture

Question 21

Media that allows for one microbe to be differentiated from others grown on a plate

Answer 21

Differential media

Question 22

Media that encourages the growth of a target organism and supressing or stopping the growth of other organisms

Answer 22

Selective media

Question 23

Media that can increase the number of target bacteria to culture it out of a sample

Answer 23

Enrichment media

Question 24

Time required for one cell to divide and become 2

*time it takes a population to double

Answer 24

Generation time

Question 25

Occurs when cells are first inoculated into a culture and are adjusting

Answer 25

Lag phase

Question 26

The phase in which cells are actively dividing at a constant min generation time \*straight line on log scale

Answer 26

Log phase

Question 27

When nutrients run out, waste will build up and pH will change. Cells begin to die and growth slows \*WHen # of deaths reaches # of divisions the growth rate becomes 0

Answer 27

Stationary phase

Question 28

Nutrients continue to decrease and toxicity of media increases, # of deaths overtakes the # of divisions \*decline in growth curve

Answer 28

Death phase

Question 29

Where a sample is combined with molten agar (50C) and poured into a plate

Answer 29

Pour plating

Question 30

A sample of bacteria is spread over the top of a solidified plate of agar

Answer 30

Spread plate

Question 31

Culture is combined with cryoprotectant (antifreeze) then rapidly frozen and maintained at extremely low temps \*usually in liquid nitrogen

Answer 31

Snap freezing

Answer 32

Lyophilization

Question 33

Aggregates of microbes living in a slimy layer of DNA, proteins and polysaccharides

Answer 33

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

Question 34

complex microbial communities

Answer 34

Biofilm

Question 35

a microbiological growth media that chemically combines with dissolved oxygen and removes the oxygen from the media

Answer 35

reduced media

Question 36

Refers to a microbial contamination

Answer 36

Sepsis

Question 37

The absence of significant microbes (that cause disease)

Answer 37

Asepsis

Question 38

Techniques designed to prevent microbial contamination

Answer 38

Aseptic technique

Question 39

Removal of microbial life

Answer 39

Sterilization

Question 40

Removal of pathogens

Answer 40

Disinfection

Question 41

Removal of pathogens from living tissue

Answer 41

Antisepsis

Question 42

modification of disinfection where microbes are removed from area usually by mechanical means

Answer 42

Degerming

Question 43

Process of lowering microbial counts by cleaning \*typically used with inanimate objects

Answer 43

sanitization

Question 44

Compound that kills microbes

Answer 44

Biocide/germicide

Question 45

Inhibiting, not killing, microbes

Answer 45

Bacteriostasis

Question 46

Lower heat is applied for a longer time to achieve microbial reduction, not elimination

Answer 46

Pasteurization

Question 47

Heat alters the 3D structure of proteins by disrupting the bonds

Answer 47

Denaturation

Question 48

Once proteins have been denatured they will bind together to form aggregates

Answer 48

Coagulation

Question 49

Lowest temp at which cells in a culture are killed in 10 mins

Answer 49

Thermal death point (TDP)

Question 50

Time to kill all cells in a culture

Answer 50

Thermal death time (TDT)

Question 51

Minutes to kill 90% of population at a given temp

Answer 51

Decimal reduction time \*aka log reduction time

Question 52

Pressure applied in a closed system to reach elevated temps

Answer 52

Autoclave

Question 53

Shortest wavelength and most energy This form can penetrate \*hits and ionizes cell structures like DNA and proteins \*Hits and ionizes water to reactive oxygen species

Answer 53

Ionizing radiation

Question 54

Uses UV light, a longer wavelength \*non-penetrating Interacts with DNA resulting in the formation of thymine dimers which prevent proper DNA replication

Answer 54

Non-ionizing radiation

Question 55

Prevent proper DNA replication \*throws off the DNA complementary so they don't bind across but instead to each other next to each other

Answer 55

Thymine dimers

Question 56

Work by spinning polar molecules, generating heat cannot ionize water

Answer 56

Microwaves

Question 57

Rings are dipped into standardized cultures of bacteria Then removed and dried Rings are then dipped into cleaning agent per manufacturers recommended instructions \*10 mins at 20 C Rings are placed in media and growth observed

Answer 57

Use dilution test

Question 58

Filter paper is soaked in an agent bacteria is spread over a plate Disks placed on top observe

Answer 58

Disc diffusion

Question 59

Areas of clearing around the item that has cleaner on it, not allowing bacteria to grow there

Answer 59

Zone of inhibition

Question 60

Aqueous solution of iodine fast acting release

Answer 60

Tincture

Question 61

Iodine with an organic molecule slower acting but longer lasting

Answer 61

Iodophore

Question 62

Some heavy metals are shown to have antimicrobial activity Trace amounts of medal diffuse and interact with bacteria causing protein denaturation and lipid dissolution

Answer 62

Oligodynamic action