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Bio 251 > Test 3 VOCAB > Flashcards

Test 3 VOCAB Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Grow optimally at 80-110 C

*hot springs

A

Hyperthermophiles

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2
Q

Grow between 40-70c

*hotsprings

A

Thermophiles

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3
Q

Grow between 10 - 50C

A

Mesophiles

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4
Q

Grow between 0-30 C

A

Psychrotrophs

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5
Q

Grow between -10 - 20 C

A

Psychrophiles

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6
Q

bacteria that is extremely tolerant to low pH

*high use in industry / coal

A

Acidophiles

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7
Q

Require high salt concentrations and can survive 30% solutions

A

Obligate halophiles

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8
Q

do not require high salt concentrations but can survive up to 12%

A

Facultative halophiles

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9
Q

An enzyme that breaks down superoxide radicals (02-)

and what reaction does it catalyze?

A

Superoxide dismutase

02- + 02- + 2H+ = H2O2 + 02

2 superoxide radicals plus 2 protons = Hydrogen peroxide and normal oxygen

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10
Q

An enzyme which catalyzes hydrogen peroxide into 2 water molecules and oxygen

A

Catalase

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11
Q

Allows us to grow organisms in a lab under controlled defined conditions, can be chemically defined, solid or liquid, aerobic or anaerobic

A

Culture media

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12
Q

When we introduce bacteria on to a media

A

Inoculation

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13
Q

Bacteria that was introduced onto a media is called

A

Inoculum

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14
Q

as bacteria grows it is called a

A

culture

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15
Q

media in which we do not know everything in it or how much

*typically contains extracts

A

Complex media

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16
Q

Media in which we know everything in it as well as how much of it

A

Chemically defined media

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17
Q

Complex polysaccharide derived from marine algae

A

Agar

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18
Q

Oven-like creations which can hold many important factors constant

Factors such as: Temp, % CO2, %hydrogen, moisture,

A

Incubator

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19
Q

Small vessels which we can add CO2 as well as remove oxygen to reproduce anaerobic conditions

A

Anaerobic jar

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20
Q

Studying one bacteria at a time

A

Pure culture

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21
Q

Media that allows for one microbe to be differentiated from others grown on a plate

A

Differential media

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22
Q

Media that encourages the growth of a target organism and supressing or stopping the growth of other organisms

A

Selective media

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23
Q

Media that can increase the number of target bacteria to culture it out of a sample

A

Enrichment media

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24
Q

Time required for one cell to divide and become 2

*time it takes a population to double

A

Generation time

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25
Q

Occurs when cells are first inoculated into a culture and are adjusting

A

Lag phase

26
Q

The phase in which cells are actively dividing at a constant min generation time

*straight line on log scale

A

Log phase

27
Q

When nutrients run out, waste will build up and pH will change. Cells begin to die and growth slows

*WHen # of deaths reaches # of divisions the growth rate becomes 0

A

Stationary phase

28
Q

Nutrients continue to decrease and toxicity of media increases, # of deaths overtakes the # of divisions

*decline in growth curve

A

Death phase

29
Q

Where a sample is combined with molten agar (50C) and poured into a plate

A

Pour plating

30
Q

A sample of bacteria is spread over the top of a solidified plate of agar

A

Spread plate

31
Q

Culture is combined with cryoprotectant (antifreeze) then rapidly frozen and maintained at extremely low temps

*usually in liquid nitrogen

A

Snap freezing

32
Q
A

Lyophilization

33
Q

Aggregates of microbes living in a slimy layer of DNA, proteins and polysaccharides

A

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

34
Q

complex microbial communities

A

Biofilm

35
Q

a microbiological growth media that chemically combines with dissolved oxygen and removes the oxygen from the media

A

reduced media

36
Q

Refers to a microbial contamination

A

Sepsis

37
Q

The absence of significant microbes (that cause disease)

A

Asepsis

38
Q

Techniques designed to prevent microbial contamination

A

Aseptic technique

39
Q

Removal of microbial life

A

Sterilization

40
Q

Removal of pathogens

A

Disinfection

41
Q

Removal of pathogens from living tissue

A

Antisepsis

42
Q

modification of disinfection where microbes are removed from area usually by mechanical means

A

Degerming

43
Q

Process of lowering microbial counts by cleaning

*typically used with inanimate objects

A

sanitization

44
Q

Compound that kills microbes

A

Biocide/germicide

45
Q

Inhibiting, not killing, microbes

A

Bacteriostasis

46
Q

Lower heat is applied for a longer time to achieve microbial reduction, not elimination

A

Pasteurization

47
Q

Heat alters the 3D structure of proteins by disrupting the bonds

A

Denaturation

48
Q

Once proteins have been denatured they will bind together to form aggregates

A

Coagulation

49
Q

Lowest temp at which cells in a culture are killed in 10 mins

A

Thermal death point (TDP)

50
Q

Time to kill all cells in a culture

A

Thermal death time (TDT)

51
Q

Minutes to kill 90% of population at a given temp

A

Decimal reduction time

*aka log reduction time

52
Q

Pressure applied in a closed system to reach elevated temps

A

Autoclave

53
Q

Shortest wavelength and most energy

This form can penetrate

*hits and ionizes cell structures like DNA and proteins
*Hits and ionizes water to reactive oxygen species

A

Ionizing radiation

54
Q

Uses UV light, a longer wavelength
*non-penetrating

Interacts with DNA resulting in the formation of thymine dimers which prevent proper DNA replication

A

Non-ionizing radiation

55
Q

Prevent proper DNA replication

*throws off the DNA complementary so they don’t bind across but instead to each other next to each other

A

Thymine dimers

56
Q

Work by spinning polar molecules, generating heat

cannot ionize water

A

Microwaves

57
Q

Rings are dipped into standardized cultures of bacteria
Then removed and dried
Rings are then dipped into cleaning agent per manufacturers recommended instructions
*10 mins at 20 C
Rings are placed in media and growth observed

A

Use dilution test

58
Q

Filter paper is soaked in an agent

bacteria is spread over a plate

Disks placed on top

observe

A

Disc diffusion

59
Q

Areas of clearing around the item that has cleaner on it, not allowing bacteria to grow there

A

Zone of inhibition

60
Q

Aqueous solution of iodine

fast acting release

A

Tincture

61
Q

Iodine with an organic molecule

slower acting but longer lasting

A

Iodophore

62
Q

Some heavy metals are shown to have antimicrobial activity

Trace amounts of medal diffuse and interact with bacteria causing protein denaturation and lipid dissolution

A

Oligodynamic action

Bio 251 (17 decks)

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