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Bio 251 > LAB 7 > Flashcards

LAB 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Non-ionizing, short-wavelength high-energy radiation

A

Ultraviolet (UV)

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of UV radiation

A

UV-A longest wavelength

UV-B 280-315

UV-C 100-280

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3
Q

molecular lesions

DNA strand is physically kinked and polymerases cannot replicate DNA resulting in cell death

A

Pyrimidine dimers

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4
Q

SOS system

A

activates when major DNA damage occurs

Will remove pyrimidine dimers and insert new pyrimidine molecules to restore the original state of DNA strand

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5
Q

chemical metabolites produced by some fungi and bacteria to kill or stop the growth of nearby competitors

*first one penicillium mold discovered by alexander fleming

A

natural antibiotics

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6
Q

are those produced chemically in the lab keeping active moiety intact but modifying the R (Sidechain) group

A

Semi-synthetic antibiotics

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7
Q

Antibiotics that target single groups

A

Narrow spectrum

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8
Q

are those that are entirely produced inside laboratories

Sulfonamides

A

Synthetic antibiotics

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9
Q

antibiotics kill bacteria

A

Bactericidal

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10
Q

antibiotics only inhibit growth but does not actually kill bacterial cells

Work in combo with your immune system to eliminate an infectious disease

A

bacteriostatic

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11
Q

What are 2 narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

A
  1. Vancomycin - active against gram + only
  2. Polymyxin B - active against gram - only
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12
Q

Antibiotics that target both gram types of bacteria

*disadvantage - remove normal microbiota, which could result in a superinfection

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

*tetracycline - targets gram + and - plus rickettesias and chlamydias

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13
Q

Superinfection

A

2nd infection that occurs immediately after 1st infection, usually by different pathogens

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14
Q

High selective toxicity

A

means that the drug targets bacteria and not human

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15
Q

Low selective toxicity

A

can cause more serious side effects in humans

*polymyxin B - use external only

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16
Q

Kirby-Bauer method

A

The test used to determine in vitro sensitivity of a particular bacteria to various antibiotics

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17
Q

Variables for the Kirby-Bauer method include

A
  1. Mueller-hinton II agar
  2. pH 7.2-7.4
  3. Agar thickness of 4mm
  4. Bacteria growth in liquid broth to the density of standard 10-7 bacterial cell/milliliter
    *bacterial lawn
  5. Disks impregnated with a known concentrations of antibiotics are applied
  6. Incubate plate at 37 c for 16-18 hours
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18
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

the area around the disk in which no bacteria grow

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19
Q

quantitative technique for determining antimicrobial susceptibility

The predefined gradient of antibiotic concentrations on a plastic strip

Where it crosses on the strip is telling me the min concentration needed for antibiotics concentration

A

E- Test

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20
Q

Vertical transmission

A

when genetic info is passed from parent cell to daughter cells as a result of binary fission

21
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

when genetic info is passed between unrelated cells.

This includes conjugation, transformation, transduction, and transposons

22
Q

Plasmids

A

Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that use exist outside of bacterial chromosome

23
Q

Conjugation

A

process of transferring genetic info from donor cell to recipient cell through sexual pilis

24
Q

Antibiotic resistance genes

A

genes plasmids carry to help cell in selective environments

25
Q

Recombinant cell

A

a recipient cell that has received a plasmid from a donor cell and is now an F+ cell

26
Q
A
27
Q

What is an example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic?

A

Tetracycline

Works on both gram-positive and negative

28
Q

What are some pathways antibiotics work

A
  1. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis - penicillin
  2. target protein synthesis
  3. disruption of cell membrane - Polymyxin B
  4. Inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis - ciprofloxacin & rifampicins
29
Q

What is the advantage of

Broad-spectrum and Narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

Broad - Advantage: inhibiting many types of bacteria when the infection is unknown
Disadvantage: removing normal microbiota, particularly in the colon = superinfection

Narrow- Advantage: Target single groups
Disadvantage: only target single groups

30
Q
A
31
Q

A test that determines the lowest concentration that inhibits the growth of the organism

A

MIC

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

32
Q

What wavelength is most damaging and lethal

A
33
Q

Chemical metabolites produced naturally by some fungi and bacteria

A

Antibiotics

34
Q

What was the first antibiotic used commercially

A

Penicillin dervied from penicillium

35
Q
A
36
Q

What test is used to determine the invitro sensitive pattern of a particular bacterium to various antibiotics and shows the zone of inhibition?

A

Kirby Bauer method

37
Q

What are some factors that could influence the size of the zone of inhibition for an antibiotic?

A

Agar thickness
drug concentration
pH

38
Q

What antibiotic test is essential for patients who have liver or kidney disorders which prevent metabolizing the antibiotic, requiring the smallest amount to be used?

A

E-test

39
Q

What measurement is read here?

A

MIC

40
Q

What value is read here and what kind of antibiotic would it be?

A

Bacteriocidal

41
Q

What value is read here and what kind of antibiotic would it be?

A

bacteriostatic

42
Q

What does Minimum inhibitory concentration mean?

A

Lowest concentration that inhibits the growth of the organism

43
Q

Which UV has the most damaging wave lengths?

What is the number wave length that is most damaging?

A

UV C

260 nm

44
Q

UV wave lengths at 254-260nm result in DNA damage by

A
45
Q

What are some factors that are important in the lethal effects of UV light?

A

time of exposure

distance from UV light

barriers

46
Q

Which is more resistant to UV light?

S. epidermidis or B. cereus?

A

B. cereus

47
Q

If a cell is starved for nutrients would you think they are more or less susceptible to UV effects?

A

More, it overwhelms their repair system

48
Q

Explain why UV light exposure results in skin cancer and not liver or lung

A

Because it cannot get into liver or lung

49
Q

Why is conjugation important in a healthcare setting?

A

provides, for instance, a platform for the spread and persistence of antibiotic resistance genes

Bio 251 (17 decks)

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