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Bio 251 > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ideal temp at which an organism can grow is called?
lowest temp at which an organism can grow is called?
Highest temp at which an organism can grow is called?

A

Optimum
Minimum
Maximum

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2
Q

What is the range of temps bacteria can grow?

A

0 celcius to over 110

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3
Q

Turgor pressure

Water activity

Osmosis

A

Turgor pressure - how hard a cell pushes out into its environment

*higher turgor pressure = bloated cell

Water activity - the amount of water available for metabolic use

Osmosis - movement of water across a membrane

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4
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Plasmolysis - membrane will pull away from the cell wall

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5
Q

Anaerobic

Reactive oxygen species

A

Anaerobic - no oxygen present

Reactive oxygen species - forms of oxygen that can damage cellular components

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6
Q

Classifications for oxygen requirements

Strict aerobes -

Facultative Anaerobes -

Aerotolerant -

Microaerophilic -

Strict anaerobes -

A

Strict aerobes - Microbes that solely rely on oxygen as a final electron acceptor for cellular respiration to produce ATP

Facultative Anaerobes - Microbes that can use oxygen but don’t require it

Aerotolerant - Microbes that can tolerate the presence of oxygen but dont use it to make ATP

Microaerophilic - Microbes that require oxygen to grow but cant tolerate high concentrations of oxygen

Strict anaerobes - Microbes that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen at all. Rely on fermentation and/or anaerobic respiration to make ATP

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7
Q

Acid-fast stain -

Mycolic acids -

Virulence factor -

A

Acid-fast stain - a differential stain that detects the presence or absence of mycolic acids in bacterial cell wall

Mycolic acids - waxy materials composed of fatty acids and fatty alcohols and are found in cell walls of bacteria from genera, Mycobacterium and Nocardia

Virulence factor - aids in the pathogenesis, causes bacteria to clump together, helps them survive phagocytosis, resistant to disinfectant and antimicrobial therapy

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8
Q

Kinyoun method -

Carbolfuchsin-

Fushia pink complex -

A

Kinyoun method - cold acid-fast stain method that uses phenolic compound, carbolfushsin, as primary dye

Carbolfuchsin- lipid-soluble, concentrated stain. Able to penetrate a waxy mycolic acid layer

Fushia pink complex - acid fast positive / BLUE negative

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9
Q

Microbes that can only grow below 20 celsius

A

Pyschrophiles

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10
Q

Microbes that grow at cold temps but can survive up to 35 celcius

*found in fridge

A

Psychrotrophs

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11
Q

Adapted to temps of 15-45 Celcius

*human body 35-40

A

Mesophiles

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12
Q

Grow at 45 celcius

*hot springs, compost

A

Thermophiles

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13
Q

Can survive temps from 80-100 celcius

*deep ocean thermal vents

A

Extreme thermophiles

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14
Q

Mesophiles that are able to survive at high temps for short times

*can survive pasteurization

A

Thermoduric

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15
Q

CAn only survive very low salt concentrations

A

Non-tolerant

0-5%

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16
Q

Microbes can grow in the moderate range of salt

A

Halotolerant

0-11%

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17
Q

Microbes that will only grow in high salt concentrations

A
18
Q

MIcrobes can only grow in high salt environments

A

Extreme halophiles 15-30%

Dead Sea nd Great salt lake

19
Q

Microbes that can tolerate very high sugar concentrations

A

Osmophiles

20
Q

Microbes that solely rely on oxygen to produce ATP

A

Strict aerobes

21
Q

Microbes that use oxygen but do not require it

A

Facultative anaerobes

22
Q

Microbes that can tolerate the presence of oxygen but do not use to create ATP

A

Aerotolerant

23
Q

Microbes that require oxygen to grow but cannot tolerate a high concentration

A

Microaerophilic

24
Q

Microbes that cannot grow in presence of oxygen and rely on fermentation and anaerobic respiration

A

Strict anaerobes

25
Q

Mycolic acids are found in bacteria from the genre

A

mycobacterium and nocardia

26
Q

What is a virulence factor

A

Virulence is described as an ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease.

Causes this bacteria to clump together, survive phagocytosis, and resist disinfectants and microbial therapy

Examples are toxins, surface coats that inhibit phagocytosis, and surface receptors that bind to host cells

27
Q

acid-fast postive is what color

negative?

A

positive - fuchsia-pink

Negative - blue

28
Q

What is the cellular target of acid-fast stain?

A

mycolic acids

29
Q

What are 2 diseases caused by acid fast bacteria

A

Tuberculosis, Leprosy

30
Q

Explain how the acid fast property of the bacterium is a virulence factor?

A

The myolic acid of myobacterium clump the cells together. it is a virulence factor that allow them to survive in phagocytes and make them resistant to disinfectants & antimicrobial therapy.

31
Q

Explain a screening test and a more definitive test for diagnosis of tuberculosis

A

skin testing (screens people with high risk for tuberculosis but may have false results even if it test positive)

Chest X-Ray

Direct identification of myobacterium tuberculosis in sputum.

Cultural isolation & identification

32
Q

Do animals get tuberculosis

A

yes

33
Q

Explain the meaning of tb as a re-emerging infection?

A

diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming health problems for a significant proportion of the population

emergence of multidrug resistance and the interaction between TB and HIV infection are responsible for this surge.

34
Q

Turbidity is measured by

A

absorbance using a spectrophotometer.

35
Q

what are some examples of psyrotrophs

A

Mold and some bacteria such as Pseudomonas and are pathogens

36
Q

Why are thermoduric bacteria important to consider after pasteurization

A

Thermoduric bacteria are “heat resistant” and able to survive at pasteurization temperature, and have the potential to cause loss of quality and shelf life in foods.

37
Q

what is an example of a hypotonic environment

A

pure water

38
Q

give examples of where you would find a

halophilic

halotolerant

osmophilic

A

halophilic - great salt lake, dead sea

halotolerant- hypersaline lakes

osmophilic - jelly jars

39
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for fermination?

for anerobic respiration

A

Fermination - organic compound - carbohydrates, fats (lipids), proteins, and nucleic acids,

Anaerobic respiration - sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3–), or sulfur (S)

40
Q

what are diseases caused by strict anaerobes

A

appendicitis

abscess

Bio 251 (17 decks)

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