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Bio 251 > LAB 10 > Flashcards

LAB 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

For Rapid’E coli agar what color does it turn if GAL Galactosidase is present?

A

Blue-green

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2
Q

For Rapid’E coli agar what color does it turn if GLUC Glucuronidase is present?

A

Pink
*ecoli has both = purple

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3
Q

Eosin Methylene blue turns what color if coliforms are present?

A

Pink - dark purple

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4
Q

Eosin Methylene blue turns what color if rapid lactose fermenters are present?

A

Metallic green colonies

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5
Q

Eosin methylene blue turns what color if no coliforms are present?

A

Orange-red

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6
Q

MacConkey agar turns what color if coliforms are present?

A

Pink

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7
Q

McConkey agar turns what color if coliforms are not present?

A

Tan

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8
Q

Hektoen Enteric Agar turns what color if any of the 3 sugars were fermented?

A

Yellow-pinkish-orange

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9
Q

Hektoen Enteric Agar turns what color if no coliforms are present?

A

Blue-green

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10
Q

Hektoen Enteric Agar turns what color if sulfur reduction occurred?

A

Black

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11
Q

S. aureus may be normal flora of?

A

Human nares and skin

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12
Q

E. Faecalis may be found in?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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13
Q

Pyogenic causing abscesses and can invade tissues to cause systematic diseases like acute endocarditis, necrolytic pneumonia and toxic shock syndrome

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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14
Q

It May be normal flora in the vaginal tract and is associated with urinary tract infections

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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15
Q

Common member of skin flora but it may be associated with nosocomial infections of the blood

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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16
Q

Species that can cause bloodstream infections and be resistant to antibiotics such as vancomycin and resistant enterococcus

A

Enterococcus

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17
Q

What are 2 metabolic products of cellular respiration

A

Reactive oxygen species and superoxide radicals

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18
Q

Organisms like staphylococcus that live in oxygen-rich environments must be able to break down?

A

Products of cellular respiration

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19
Q

Hydrogen peroxide h2o2 is an example of

A

reactive oxygen species

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20
Q

The enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

A

Catalase

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21
Q

Staphyloccus species are _____positive

A

Catalase

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22
Q

Performed by placing a loopful of bacteria into a drop of hydrogen peroxide and watching for the formation of oxygen bubbles

A

Catalase test

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23
Q

In the catalase test, if we see bubbles, it means? No bubbles?

A

Bubbles = species is staphyloccus
no bubbles = not staphyloccus - catalse negative

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24
Q

After a unknown bacterium is presumed Staphylococcus, what other methods can determine the species?

A

Mannitol salt
Hemolysin
Coagulase

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25
Q

Mannitol Salt contains

A

Sugar mannitol and 7.5% salt

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26
Q

What 2 species of staphylococcus can ferment mannitol (sugar), and what color will it turn?

A

S. Aureus & S. saprophyticus - YELLOW

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27
Q

What species of staphylococcus cannot ferment mannitol (sugar), and what color will it turn?

A

S. epidermidis - RED

28
Q

What does Hemolysin do?

A

Breaks down red blood cells similar to a-toxin of black widow. Causes local necrosis

29
Q

If a species of staph is positive for hemolysin what will it show? Negative? and which species

A

S. Aureus positive - beta (complete) hemolysis
S. epidermidis & S saprophyticus negative - gamma hemolysis

30
Q

Study of diseases in a population
*how, when, where, what, who are involved in source of spread

A

Epidemiology

31
Q

Occurrence of a disease in a population

A

Outbreak

32
Q

Point source

A

everyone affected got it from a common source ie. food poisoning

33
Q

Propagated

A

Diseases spread between people or animals. The number of cases builds over time

34
Q

Case index or patient 0

A

A person who was originally infected

35
Q

Diseases that occur in a particular community at higher than expected rates

A

Epidemic

36
Q

an epidemic that spreads to more than 1 continent, infecting a large number of susceptible individuals

A

Pandemic

37
Q

A disease that is spread between people. This causes a propagated outbreak

A

Communicable

38
Q

a disease that is spread by vector (lymes disease)

A

Noncommunicable

39
Q

a disease spread from an animal to a person (rabies)

A

Zoonosis

40
Q

non-specific immunity, present at birth, no memory

A

Innate

41
Q

developed as a result of exposure to a specific organism

A

Acquired

42
Q

Resistance of a group to the invasion or spread of an infectious organism

A

Herd

43
Q

Occur naturally in some bacteria to protect them from viral infections

A

Restriction enzymes

44
Q

What do restriction enzymes do

A

recognize specific nucleotide sequences within DNA strands, bind to recognized sites, and cut DNA between those based, creating different-sized fragments

45
Q

When multiple restriction enzymes are used a unique pattern of DNA fragments called

A

DNA fingerprint - which can be used to identify an unknown microorganism

46
Q

To determine the number and size of DNA fragments, they must be

A

Separated by agarose gel electrophoresis

47
Q

a porous material that provides a semi-solid medium for DNA to move through

A

agarose gel

48
Q

Agarose gel also contains a chemical compound called? and does?

A

GelGreen - binds to DNA & will fluoresce under UV radiation

49
Q

Gram-positive cocci include

A

Staphylococcus aureus & Enterococcus gecalis

50
Q

Staphylococcus aureus causes

A

abscesses and has the ability to invade cause systemic diseases such as acute endocarditis, necrolytic pneumonia, and toxic shock syndrome

Ex. MRSA

51
Q

Enterococcus fecalis is a common cause of

A

bloodstream infections as well as being resistant to antibiotics

ex. VRE

52
Q

Staphlyococcus are

gram ( ) Cocci

Catalase ——-

how will they show on the catalase test?

A

Gram POSITIVE cocci and catalase positive so they will bubble in

on the catalase test they will bubble showing they have the enzyme catalase to break down toxic oxygen materials

53
Q

What is the enzyme used by aerobic and facultative bacteria that breaks down toxic oxygen material

A

Catalase

*anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria do not have this and cannot live in oxygen

54
Q

S. Aureus

Mannitol salt?

Hemolysin?

Coagulase?

Halotolerant?

A

S. Aureus

Mannitol salt - POSITIVE - YELLOW

Hemolysin - POSITIVE - Complete clearing B helolysis

Coagulase - POSITIVE- clumps/clot

Halotolerant - POSITIVE

55
Q

S. saprophyticus

Mannitol salt?

Hemolysin?

Coagulase?

Halotolerant?

A

S. saprophyticus

Mannitol salt - POSITIVE - YELLOW

Hemolysin - NEGATIVE

Coagulase - NEGATIVE

Halotolerant - POSITIVE

56
Q

S. Epidermidis

Mannitol salt ?

Hemolysin?

Coagulase?

Halotolerant?

A

Mannitol salt - NEGATIVE - RED

Hemolysin - NEGATIVE - gamma

Coagulase - NEGATIVE

Halotolerant - POSITIVE

57
Q

The catalase tests help determine between what 2 bacteria?

A

Positive - staphylococci

Negative - Enterococcus

58
Q

If Staphylococcus aureus is identified, what other important test should be done?

A

Coagulase

59
Q

When scientists have a good idea of how much disease is occurring for a geographical area

A

epidemic rate of disease

60
Q

Propogated epidemics are

A

infections that spread from one person to another because the disease is communicable

61
Q

Define and differentiate point source and propagated epidemic?

A

Point source -persons are exposed over a brief time to the same source, such as a single meal or an event.

Propagated epidemic - when the infection spreads from one person to another, e.g. through the air, via a vector, via contaminated food or water, or during unprotected sexual intercourse.

62
Q

What is a microorganism that causes a pandemic?

A

virus

63
Q

DNA generally exists as

A

2 long strands of complementary nucleotides

64
Q

IN eukaryotes how does DNA appear?

How does it appear in Viruses?

A

Eukaryotes - double helix circular form

Viruses - single or double, circular or linear

65
Q

DNA can be cut with enzymes called?

and are useful for?

A

Restriction enzymes

to protect against a viral infection by destroying the DNA

66
Q

What is agarose gel electrophoresis used for

A

to separate negatively charged DNA fragments using an electric current

Bio 251 (17 decks)

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