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Bio 251 > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of small microorganisms which cannot be seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce naturally with one another and create fertile offspring.

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Aseptic technique

A

a set of procedures that prevents unwanted contamination of surfaces and materials by microbes

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5
Q

Parasitology

A

branch of biology concerned with parasites and protozoa

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6
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the spread of disease

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7
Q

Bacteriology

A

Study of bacteria

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8
Q

Immunology

A

Study of immunity

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9
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

The field of genetic engineering

Using labs and enzymes to manipulate and isolate DNA segments to create new genes/functions

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10
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungus

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11
Q

Virology

A

Study of viruses

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12
Q

Infectious disease

A

Diseases caused by microbes

*known pathogens

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13
Q

Normal microbiota (flora)

A

bacteria that are a normal part of human body

*harmless and beneficial

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14
Q

Pathogens

A

microorganism that can cause disease

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15
Q

Biogenesis

A

The hypothesis that living matter only comes from living matter

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16
Q

Genus

A

Related living things, made up of 1 or more species

The category that is above species

capitalized latin name

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17
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

the hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter

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18
Q

What is the proper nomenclature for microbes?

A

Genus and Species

both italicized and Genus is always capitalized

*exception is viruses

*often refer to shape or environment

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19
Q

BACTERIA

Type of cell?
Classified by? Shapes
Survive by?
Reproduction method?
Other?

A

TYPE: Prokaryotic - Unicellular

CLASSIFIED BY: Bacillis or rods
Coccus
Spirillum or spiral

*Peptidoglycan - a protein complex

SURVIVE BY: Metabolize organic chemicals from breaking down materials living or not - recycle. *some make their own nutrients

REPRODUCE: Binary fission - asexual

OTHER: Motile - flagella, pili, fimbriae

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20
Q

ARCHEA

Type of cell?
Classified by? Shapes
Other?

A

TYPE: Prokaryotic - no cell wall, no peptidoglycan

CLASSIFIED: Methanogens - methane
Halophiles - Salt
Thermophiles - heat

OTHER: not known to be pathogens

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21
Q

FUNGI

Type of cell?
Classified by? Shapes
Reproduction method?
Other?

A

TYPE: Eukaryotic - uni or multicellular

CLASSIFIED: Large = Molds & mushrooms
Small = yeasts

REPRODUCE: sexually and asexually

OTHER: natural decomposers, obtain nourishment from their surroundings
No photosynthesis
Spores - ways to move

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22
Q

PROTOZOA

Type of cell?
Reproduction method?
Other?

A

TYPE: Eukaryotic, unicellular & motile

REPRODUCTION: Sexual or Asexual

OTHER: Move through pseudopods, cilia, flagella, wide variety of shapes

*some disease causing

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23
Q

Algae

Type of cell?
Survive by?
Other?

A

TYPE: Photosynthetic eukaryotic, uni or multicellular

Salt and fresh water

SURVIVE: Photosynthesis

OTHER: produce oxygen and essential carbs for other organisms

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24
Q

MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES

2 helminths:

A

not technically microorganisms, but important for medical

HELMINTHS: Round worms & ringworms

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25
Q

VIRUSES

Type of cell?
Classified by? Shapes
Survive by?

A

Acellular

CLASSIFICATION:
Capsid- DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat
Enveloped- capsid encased in lipid membrane

*technically not living, depend on hosts cell to reproduce

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26
Q

PASTEUR

When?

What?

A

PASTEUR

1861 - proof of microbes in the air and introduces biogenesis

*Sterile media in a closed environment failed to produce life

Heat can kill microbes - forms aseptic technique

Developed pasteurization = lower heat longer periods = increased shelf life

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27
Q

JENNER

When?

What?

A

JENNER

1798: Creates smallpox vaccine

*infection from cowpox prevents smallpox

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28
Q

SNOW

When?

What?

A

SNOW

1854 - mapped cases of cholera to water and stopped epidemic

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29
Q

LISTER

When?

What?

A

LISTER

Professor in Scotland, amputations

Phenol - kills microbes, infections decrease

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30
Q

KOCH

When?

What?

A

KOCH

Showed disease caused by microbe

1876: Koch’s postulates

  1. Same organism present 100% of time
  2. Isolate & make sure its the only organism
  3. Infect healthy animal
  4. Observe same symptoms
  5. Must see only same organism

= CAUSE

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31
Q

FLEMING

When?

What?

A

FLEMING

1928: Discovers antimicrobial agents

*accidentally discovers mold can inhibit bacterial growth -penicillin

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32
Q

WATSON, CRICK, WILKINS, FRANKLIN

When?

What?

A

WATSON, CRICK, WILKINS, FRANKLIN

1953 - determined structure for DNA

*franklin actually did expiermnent

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33
Q

Problems facing modern microbiologists

A

Emerging and reemerging diseases - the fast pace of travel/movement

Increasing antimicrobial resistance - overprescribed antibiotics

Climate change - change habitats and species move to new regions

Humans - intentional weaponizing of biological agents

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34
Q

Capsule?

Slime layer?

A

Thick tightly bound glycocalyx on prokaryotes

The thin loosely bound glycocalyx on prokaryotes

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35
Q

Flagellar arrangements

Monotrichous -

Peritrichous -

Lophotrichous -

Amphitrichous -

Atrichous -

A

Monotrichous - 1 filament, polar

Peritrichous - Filaments all around cell

Lophotrichous - 2 or more filaments on same side

Amphitrichous - Multiple filaments at each end

Atrichous - no flagella present

36
Q

Phototaxis?

Taxis?

Chemotaxis?

A

Phototaxis - movement based on light

Taxis - movement towards or away from stimulus

Chemotaxis - movement based on chemicals

37
Q

Passive transport
3 types?

Active transport
1?

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT- move by concentration gradient

  • *Osmosis** - water
  • *Diffusion** - non-water molecules
  • *Faciliated diffusion** - uses transporters (permeates)

ACTIVE TRANSPORT - required energy

Group translocation- substance is modified as it crossed over the membrane so new substance is impermeable

38
Q

Osmotic pressure?

Isotonic?

Hypotonic?

Hypertonic?

A

Osmotic pressure - pressure needed to stop the flow of water across a membrane

Isotonic- concentration same inside and outside of the cell

Hypotonic - concentration of solutes lower outside of cell

Hypertonic - concentration of solutes higher outside of cell

39
Q

Prokaryotes

Plasmid -

Ribosome -

Endospores -

Sporulation -

Germination -

A

Prokaryotes

Plasmid - carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxin tolerance and enzyme production. Can be transferred from one bacteria to another

Ribosome - Protein synthesis

*Prokaryotes have 50S+ 30S = 70S
Eukaryotes have 60S + 40S = 80S

Endospores - resting structures formed by bacteria when living in an inhospitable environment.

Sporulation - the process of making a spore

Germination - process of returning a endospore back to vegetative state

40
Q

Peptidoglycan?

Mordant?

A

Peptidoglycan - bacterial cell wall - carbohydrate backbone composed of alternating NAM and NAG. Interlaced with peptide cross-bridges

Mordant - a substance, typically an inorganic oxide, that combines with a dye or stain and thereby fixes it in a material.

41
Q

List the common shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells

A

Bacillus - single rods
Diplobacilli - joined at ends
Streptobacilli - chain
Coccobacilli - oval shape, single bacilli

Coccus - Sphere
Single cocci - single sphere
Diplococci - pairs
Streptococci - chain like
Tetrads - groups of 4, square
Sarcinae - groups of 8, cube
Staphylococcus - grape like clusters

Spiral - twist
Vibrios - single, curve or bent
Spirilla - corkscrew. Rigid
Spirochetes - helical, flexible

42
Q

Structure and function of Prokaryotic

Glycocalyx -

Flagella -

Axial filaments -

Pili/fimbria -

A

Glycocalyx - sticky polysaccharides and protein. Protection from the environment and macrophages adherence may provide nutrients

Flagella - long filamentous appendages. Motility - rotate like a propeller. Hook, filament and basal body

Axial filaments - unique to spiral bacteria. Cause bacteria to rotate resulting in motion

Pili/fimbria - short thin appendages, mostly on gram - and some +. adhesion to surfaces, motility and sex. Cell to cell conjugation - method of transferring DNA

43
Q

Composition of bacterial cell wall

& Function

A

Composed of a polymer called peptidoglycan

*carbohydrate backbone composed of alternating NAM (N-Acetylmuramic acid) and NAG (N-acetyl glucosamine) . NAMS contains 4 amino acid side chains

The backbone is interlaced with peptide cross-bridges between the peptide side chains

FUNCTION - maintain shape, protection from physical and osmotic lysis

44
Q

Difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls

A

Gram + cell walls are THICK w/ multiple layers of peptidoglycan
*also contain teichoic acids = regulate the movement of cations & excessive cell wall breakdown

Gram - cell walls are THIN sometimes only 1 layer of peptidoglycan
*have outer layer = lipopolysaccharide - Sugar as antigen and Lipid A as endotoxin shock

Also contains pores to allow molecules to mvoe

45
Q

What is the process of gram staining?

A
  1. first heat fix bacteria to glass micro slides
  2. apply primary stain - crystal violet for 1 min
  3. Rinse - all cells purple
  4. Add grams of iodine for 1 min
    *iodine causes CV to crystalize in cells becoming trapped
  5. Rinse excess iodine away
  6. Decolorize cells with acetone alcohol
    * this will attempt to pull CV out of cells
    *Thin wall will present in gram - cells and allow dye to flow out/ gram + will keep it in
  7. Apply a counterstain, safranin for 1 min

Gram + will appear purple
Gram - will appear pink

46
Q

Identify the function and location of

Lipopolysaccharide -

O antigen -

Lipid A -

Lipoteichoic acid

A

Lipopolysaccharide - gram negative -outer membrane & contains

O antigen - Sugar acts as antigens

Lipid A - endotoxin - causes endotoxic shock

Lipoteichoic acid - gram positive cell wall & function as regulation of movement of cation & protection from cell wall breakdown

47
Q

What are 2 bacteria with atypical cell walls and why

A

Mycoplasma - lack cell walls, sterols in their membranes protect from lysis

Mycobacterium - thick cell walls that contain mycolic acid causing them to be waxy. unable to stain

48
Q

Prokaryotes - structure and function

Plasma membrane -

Cytoplasm -

DNA -

Ribosomes -

A

Plasma membrane - encloses cytoplasm/ selectively permeable

Cytoplasm - Fluid component of the cell. mostly water

DNA - aggregates in nucleoid or nuclear area (not surrounded by membrane) CIRCULAR & attached to plasma membrane

Ribosomes - Protein synthesis - 70S

49
Q

Eukaryotes

Flagella

Cilia

Microtubule

A

Flagella - beat in a wave pattern - large 200nm, long & few in number

Cilia - short hair like, high in number

Microtubule - makes up cilia and flagella in a 9+2 format
* long hollow tubes of protein called tubulin / flexible skeleton

50
Q

Eukaryotes

Endocytosis -

Phagocytosis -

Pinocytosis -

Receptor-mediated endocytosis -

A

Endocytosis - how cells engulf larger particles

Phagocytosis - pseudopods surround particles and engulf

Pinocytosis - aka cellular drinking, cell folds in, creating a divot and folds around the area

Receptor-mediated endocytosis - virus binds to receptor initiating similar to pinocytosis

51
Q

Eukaryotes

Chromatin -

Organelle -

Histones -

Nucleoli -

A

Chromatin - a thread-like mass of protein and DNA when not replicating

Organelle - membrane-bound structures

Histones - proteins that keep DNA bound and function to regulate transcription

Nucleoli - within nucleus, 1 or more spherical bodies, sites of rRNA synthesis

52
Q

Eukaryotes

Cristae -

Matrix -

Nuclear pores -

Grana -

Thylakoids -

A

Cristae - folds in inner membrane of mitochondria

Matrix - fluid-filled space in inner membrane of mitochondria

Nuclear pores - allows access to nuclous / DNA

Grana - stack of thylakoids

Thylakoids - membrane sacs in chloroplasts where chlorophyll

53
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

Evidence?

A

Prokaryotic developed first

-develops a primitive nuclear membrane to protect DNA

  • Big bacteria engulfed small bacteria
  • Small bacteria lost their DNA. relied on large bacteria
  • Reproduced with small in large bacteria
  • 2 eventually became indistinguishable

Evidence - mitochondria & chloroplasts same shape and size as bacteria, circular DNA, reproduce independently of host cell, ribosomes 70S

54
Q

Major differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Size
Nuclear membrane?
Organelles
Flagella
Glycocalyx
Cell wall
Plasma membrane

A

Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic

0.2-2 um - 10-100um
No nuclear membrane - true nucleus
No or few organelles - organelles
Flagella - 2 protein - complex
Glycocalyx capsule - present in some that lack a cell wall
Cell wall - complex - simple
Plasma membrane - carb & lacks sterols - sterols& carbs

55
Q

Major differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA
Cell division
Sexual recombination

A

P vS E

Cytoskeleton - Cytoskleton (microfilaments, tubules)

Small - larger

circular, lack histone - linear, histone
binary fission - mitosis

non, transfer DNA only – meiosis

56
Q
A
57
Q

Obligatory intracellular parasite

A

Require living host to multiply

58
Q

How are viruses defined?

(4)

A

Contain a single type of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA

Contain protein coat that surrounds nucleic acid

Multiples inside living cells by using the cells’ machinery

causes specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells

59
Q

Capsid

Viral envelope

A

the protein shell of a virus particle surrounding its nucleic acid.

Capsid is surrounded by a lipid bilayer that contains proteins. Usually derived from host cells membranes - contains spike protiens

60
Q

Bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea

61
Q

Host range

Tissue tropism

A

Host range - the range of cell types and host species a virus is able to infect.

Tissue tropism - the ability of a given virus to productively infect a particular cell

62
Q

Lytic -

Lysogenic -

Plaque -

A

Lytic - occurs when a virus has infected a cell, replicated new virus particles, and bursts through the cell membrane.

Lysogenic - a virus that specifically infects a bacterium, achieves the manufacture of copies of its (DNA ) genetic material by integrating the viral DNA into the DNA of the host bacteria.

Plaque - a clear area on an otherwise opaque field of bacteria that indicates the inhibition or dissolution of the bacterial cells by some agent, either a virus or an antibiotic.

63
Q

Bacteriophage therapy

A

deliberate application of phages to kill bacteria in infected tissue

*target bacteria cells and leave host cells alone

*drawback - phages are foreign and will be cleared from the immune system in 7-10 days

64
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule.

In the bacterial cell, restriction enzymes cleave foreign DNA, thus eliminating infecting organisms.

65
Q

Cytopathic effects

Cancer

Oncogene

Oncogenic virus

A

Cytopathic effects - structural changes in a host cell resulting from viral infection. *diagnostic tool

Cancer - Unregulated cell division

Oncogene - A gene that is a mutated (changed) form of a gene involved in normal cell growth

Oncogenic virus - viruses that cause or give rise to tumors

66
Q

Acute infection

Latent infection

Persistent infection

A

Acute infection - simplest/most common - triggers immune

Latent infection - remains in host for long periods

Persistent infection - disease progresses, immune systems fails

67
Q
A
68
Q

The basic structure and common morphologies of viruses

(4 morphologies)

A

Structure - Nucleic acid, Capsid, envelope

Morphologies -

Helical -

Polyhedral - many-sided (20 faces, 12 corners)

Enveloped - Capsid covered by envelope, spherical

Complex - complicated structures. IE Bacteriophage

69
Q

Explain formal viral taxonomy

Virus family end in ?

Virus genus end in?

A

Grouping based on the nucleic acid sequence as well as structure

Grouped into Family and genus

Virus family end in - Viridae

Virus genus end in - Virus

70
Q

Host range & tissue tropism

Compare and contrast

A

Host range - which organisms a virus can infect - limited in number. Mediated by attachment proteins

Tissue tropism - availability of virus receptors

71
Q

Explain the plaque method of cultivating bacteriophages

A

Mix bacteriophages with host bacteria and nutrient agar

*bacteria in the area of the virus are destroyed
*Area of lysis is called plaque

72
Q

Steps in Lytic

Steps in lysogenic bacteriophage infections

(5)

(5)

A
  • *Lytic** -
    1. Attachement/absoprtion
    2. Penetration
    3. Biosynthesis
    4. Maturation/assembly
    5. Release = cell death

Lysogenic -
1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Phage DNA integrates with bacterial chromosomes by recombination
4. Produces normally
5. Occasionally lytic if environment is bad
5.

73
Q

Methods in the cultivation of animal viruses

(3)

A

Whole animals

Cultivated in embryonated eggs

Cultured in cell culture in the lab

74
Q

Techniques used to identify viruses

(2)

A

RFLP - small differences in a genome are detected to ID an organism

PCR - a small region of nucleic acid is replicated, found only in virus and look to see if it matches the person

75
Q
A
76
Q

Mycology

Thallus -

Hyphae -

Septate hyphae -

Coenocytic hyphae -

A

Mycology - the scientific study of fungi.

Thallus - major stock or body of molds

Hyphae - long thin filaments that make the thallus

Septate hyphae - Contain crosslinked walls

Coenocytic hyphae - one continuous cell with multiple nuclei

77
Q

Vegetative hypha -

Aerial hypha -

Mycelium -

Dimorphism -

A

Vegetative hypha - responsible for nutrient absorption

Aerial hypha - responsible for reproduction *contain spore

Mycelium - the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).

Dimorphism - can grow as either yeast or molds

78
Q

Conidosphore

*Conidiophore

Sporangiospore

*Sporangiophore

A

Conidosphore - Asexual = not enclosed by a sac

*form at the end of a stalk-like structure called = Conidiophore

Sporangiospore - enclosed by a sac

*located at end of aerial hyphae called Sporangiophore

79
Q

Mycosis

Dermtophytes

Keratinase

A

Mycosis - fungal disease

Dermtophytes - fungi that affect epidermis

Keratinase - produced by dermatophytes - degrades keratin

80
Q

Define mycology and its importance to medicine and agriculture

A

Mycology - study of fungi

Importance to medicine - increasing nosocomial infections & problematic for immunocompromised

Importance to agriculture - all plants rely on mycorrhizal for nutrients & devasting pathogens to commercial crops

81
Q

How do fungi differ from bacteria?

A

Fungi are:

Eukaryotic. have sterols in membrane

Lack peptidoglycan

Heterotrophic

Sexual and asexual

82
Q

Difference between budding and fission yeast

A

Budding - bud forms on the surface of the cell. Can produce up to 24 daughter cells

Fission - cell elongates, nucleus/organelles replicate, cell pinched off in middle and 2 daughter cells are produced

83
Q

What temps are dimorphic fungi changing?

A

37 = yeast like

25 = mold like

Regulation is also depending on Co2

84
Q

Differences between fungal and bacterial spores

A

Fungal spores

Reproductive
Undergo sexual recombination
Do not provide protections

85
Q

How are sexual spores formed?

Plasmogamy

Karyogamy -

Meiosis -

A

The result from sexual reproduction, 3 phases

Plasmogamy - Donor cell penetrates recieptent cell

Karyogamy - both nucleus fuse = diploid zygote

Meiosis - diploid give rise to haploid

Bio 251 (17 decks)

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