TEST 2 Vocab Flashcards
The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
metabolism
The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones
Catabolism
The building of complex molecules from simpler ones
anabolism
(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by the release of energy.
Exergonic
(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants.
Endergonic
Explanation of how chemical reactions occur and how certain factors affect the rates of these reactions
- molecules are in constant motion
- contain energy
- motion of molecules is random
Collision theory
The amount of energy needed to disrupt an electron configuration so that a reaction occurs
activation energy
Catalysts which speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves
enzyme
A specific substance which enzymes act on
substrate
Noncompetitive inhibitors bing with another part of enzyme with changes shape of the active site
Allosteric inhibition
The use of an enzyme as the inhibitor
used to prevent cells from wasting resources on more produce than needed
feedback inhibition
The molecule that loses an electron is
oxidized
oxidation
The molecule that gains an electrion is
reduced
reduction
Energy currency of the cell
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
When a series of carrier molecules take NADH and FADH2 from the previous reaction to produce ATP
chemiosmosis
Can occur when P is transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP
C-C-C-P + ADP = C-C-C- +ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation
Electrons are transferred from an organic compound to a series of electrons carriers
Oxidative phosphorylation
The final electron receptor in the chain is 02
- this will result in the production of water
Aerobic respiration
the final electron receptor is not 02
Anaerobic respiration
process by which organic compounds can be broken down to release energy
- release energy from sugars or other organic molecules
- does not require oxygen
- Does not use the TCA cycle or ETS
- Organic molecule is a terminal electron receptor
- Produces small amounts of energy
Fermentation
Study of how the heredity material (DNA & RNA) is transferred
Genetics
All genetic material in a cell is defined as
genome
DNA replication
-Parent strands are separated, and each acts as a template. New strand contains 1/2 new and 1/2 old, DNA
Semiconservative replication
When a specific gene is copied into messenger RNA
Transcription
RNA is converted into a protien
Translation
is a type of RNA that is necessary for protein production. In cells, mRNA uses the information in genes to create a blueprint for making proteins
mRNA
String of RNA is divided into groups of 3 bases called
which specifies a particular amino acid
Codon
The process of having multiple codons for each amino acid is called
degeneracy
When a specific amino acid is bound to a t-RNA
Charged tRNA
Shine-Dalgarno site AKA?
the 16S complementary to the conserved sequence in the mRNA located just in front of the gene being translated is called?
Ribosome binding site
Catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids
Peptidyl transferase
The genetic make up of an organism
genotype
Observable or measurable traits an organism has
Phenotype
Occur when a change in one nucleotide results in a change of 1 amino acid in a protein
missense mutation
Occur when one nucleotide is either added or subtracted from the gene
Frameshift mutation
Occur when a base change results in a nonsense codon, prematurely stopping protein synthesis
nonsense mutation
A change in the genetic makeup of an organism
mutation
In bacteria, genetic material can be swapped between individuals, independent from reproduction
Horizontal gene transfer
When genes flow from parent to offspring during replication
vertical gene transfer
Small self replicating circular pieces of extra-chromosomal DNA
Plasmid
Clusters of several genes which serve one function under the control of a single regulatory region
Operon
