TEST 2 Vocab

Question 1

The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 3

The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones

Answer 3

Catabolism

Question 4

The building of complex molecules from simpler ones

Answer 4

anabolism

Question 5

(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by the release of energy.

Answer 5

Exergonic

Question 6

(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants.

Answer 6

Endergonic

Question 7

Explanation of how chemical reactions occur and how certain factors affect the rates of these reactions

• molecules are in constant motion
• contain energy
• motion of molecules is random

Answer 7

Collision theory

Question 8

The amount of energy needed to disrupt an electron configuration so that a reaction occurs

Answer 8

activation energy

Question 9

Catalysts which speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves

Answer 9

enzyme

Question 10

A specific substance which enzymes act on

Answer 10

substrate

Question 11

Noncompetitive inhibitors bing with another part of enzyme with changes shape of the active site

Answer 11

Allosteric inhibition

Question 12

The use of an enzyme as the inhibitor

used to prevent cells from wasting resources on more produce than needed

Answer 12

feedback inhibition

Question 13

The molecule that loses an electron is

Answer 13

oxidized

oxidation

Question 14

The molecule that gains an electrion is

Answer 14

reduced

reduction

Question 15

Energy currency of the cell

Answer 15

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 16

When a series of carrier molecules take NADH and FADH2 from the previous reaction to produce ATP

Answer 16

chemiosmosis

Question 17

Can occur when P is transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP

C-C-C-P + ADP = C-C-C- +ATP

Answer 17

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 18

Electrons are transferred from an organic compound to a series of electrons carriers

Answer 18

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 19

The final electron receptor in the chain is 02

• this will result in the production of water

Answer 19

Aerobic respiration

Question 20

the final electron receptor is not 02

Answer 20

Anaerobic respiration

Question 21

process by which organic compounds can be broken down to release energy

1. release energy from sugars or other organic molecules
2. does not require oxygen
3. Does not use the TCA cycle or ETS
4. Organic molecule is a terminal electron receptor
5. Produces small amounts of energy

Answer 21

Fermentation

Question 22

Study of how the heredity material (DNA & RNA) is transferred

Answer 22

Genetics

Question 23

All genetic material in a cell is defined as

Answer 23

genome

Question 24

DNA replication

-Parent strands are separated, and each acts as a template. New strand contains 1/2 new and 1/2 old, DNA

Answer 24

Semiconservative replication

Question 25

When a specific gene is copied into messenger RNA

Answer 25

Transcription

Question 26

RNA is converted into a protien

Answer 26

Translation

Question 27

is a type of RNA that is necessary for protein production. In cells, mRNA uses the information in genes to create a blueprint for making proteins

Answer 27

mRNA

Question 28

String of RNA is divided into groups of 3 bases called which specifies a particular amino acid

Answer 28

Codon

Question 29

The process of having multiple codons for each amino acid is called

Answer 29

degeneracy

Question 30

When a specific amino acid is bound to a t-RNA

Answer 30

Charged tRNA

Question 31

Shine-Dalgarno site AKA? the 16S complementary to the conserved sequence in the mRNA located just in front of the gene being translated is called?

Answer 31

Ribosome binding site

Question 32

Catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids

Answer 32

Peptidyl transferase

Question 33

The genetic make up of an organism

Answer 33

genotype

Question 34

Observable or measurable traits an organism has

Answer 34

Phenotype

Question 35

Occur when a change in one nucleotide results in a change of 1 amino acid in a protein

Answer 35

missense mutation

Question 36

Occur when one nucleotide is either added or subtracted from the gene

Answer 36

Frameshift mutation

Question 37

Occur when a base change results in a nonsense codon, prematurely stopping protein synthesis

Answer 37

nonsense mutation

Question 38

A change in the genetic makeup of an organism

Answer 38

mutation

Question 39

In bacteria, genetic material can be swapped between individuals, independent from reproduction

Answer 39

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 40

When genes flow from parent to offspring during replication

Answer 40

vertical gene transfer

Question 41

Small self replicating circular pieces of extra-chromosomal DNA

Answer 41

Plasmid

Question 42

Clusters of several genes which serve one function under the control of a single regulatory region

Answer 42

Operon