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Bio 251 > TEST 2 Vocab > Flashcards

TEST 2 Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

A

metabolism

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones

A

Catabolism

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4
Q

The building of complex molecules from simpler ones

A

anabolism

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5
Q

(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by the release of energy.

A

Exergonic

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6
Q

(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants.

A

Endergonic

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7
Q

Explanation of how chemical reactions occur and how certain factors affect the rates of these reactions

  • molecules are in constant motion
  • contain energy
  • motion of molecules is random
A

Collision theory

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8
Q

The amount of energy needed to disrupt an electron configuration so that a reaction occurs

A

activation energy

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9
Q

Catalysts which speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves

A

enzyme

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10
Q

A specific substance which enzymes act on

A

substrate

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11
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors bing with another part of enzyme with changes shape of the active site

A

Allosteric inhibition

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12
Q

The use of an enzyme as the inhibitor

used to prevent cells from wasting resources on more produce than needed

A

feedback inhibition

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13
Q

The molecule that loses an electron is

A

oxidized

oxidation

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14
Q

The molecule that gains an electrion is

A

reduced

reduction

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15
Q

Energy currency of the cell

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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16
Q

When a series of carrier molecules take NADH and FADH2 from the previous reaction to produce ATP

A

chemiosmosis

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17
Q

Can occur when P is transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP

C-C-C-P + ADP = C-C-C- +ATP

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

18
Q

Electrons are transferred from an organic compound to a series of electrons carriers

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

19
Q

The final electron receptor in the chain is 02

  • this will result in the production of water
A

Aerobic respiration

20
Q

the final electron receptor is not 02

A

Anaerobic respiration

21
Q

process by which organic compounds can be broken down to release energy

  1. release energy from sugars or other organic molecules
  2. does not require oxygen
  3. Does not use the TCA cycle or ETS
  4. Organic molecule is a terminal electron receptor
  5. Produces small amounts of energy
A

Fermentation

22
Q

Study of how the heredity material (DNA & RNA) is transferred

A

Genetics

23
Q

All genetic material in a cell is defined as

A

genome

24
Q

DNA replication

-Parent strands are separated, and each acts as a template. New strand contains 1/2 new and 1/2 old, DNA

A

Semiconservative replication

25
Q

When a specific gene is copied into messenger RNA

A

Transcription

26
Q

RNA is converted into a protien

A

Translation

27
Q

is a type of RNA that is necessary for protein production. In cells, mRNA uses the information in genes to create a blueprint for making proteins

A

mRNA

28
Q

String of RNA is divided into groups of 3 bases called

which specifies a particular amino acid

A

Codon

29
Q

The process of having multiple codons for each amino acid is called

A

degeneracy

30
Q

When a specific amino acid is bound to a t-RNA

A

Charged tRNA

31
Q

Shine-Dalgarno site AKA?

the 16S complementary to the conserved sequence in the mRNA located just in front of the gene being translated is called?

A

Ribosome binding site

32
Q

Catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids

A

Peptidyl transferase

33
Q

The genetic make up of an organism

A

genotype

34
Q

Observable or measurable traits an organism has

A

Phenotype

35
Q

Occur when a change in one nucleotide results in a change of 1 amino acid in a protein

A

missense mutation

36
Q

Occur when one nucleotide is either added or subtracted from the gene

A

Frameshift mutation

37
Q

Occur when a base change results in a nonsense codon, prematurely stopping protein synthesis

A

nonsense mutation

38
Q

A change in the genetic makeup of an organism

A

mutation

39
Q

In bacteria, genetic material can be swapped between individuals, independent from reproduction

A

Horizontal gene transfer

40
Q

When genes flow from parent to offspring during replication

A

vertical gene transfer

41
Q

Small self replicating circular pieces of extra-chromosomal DNA

A

Plasmid

42
Q

Clusters of several genes which serve one function under the control of a single regulatory region

A

Operon

Bio 251 (17 decks)

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