Test 3- Chapters 20 & 21 Flashcards
occurs when healthy people are exposed to disease agents that then try to overcome the immune system and establish a population
colonization
is colonization always automatically associated with disease
no
refers to the multiplication of a microbe in a host where the microbe is now in competition with the hosts immune system
infection
during infection, what may occur but doesn’t always have to
signs and symptoms
if the host loses the competition with the microbe, this can lead to tissue or organ damage or dysfunction
disease
allows pathogens to adhere to tissues
structural virulence factor
what are examples of structural virulence factors
pili and glycocalyx
structural virulence factors help pathogens move from colonization to ______________
infection
what do toxins damage
host cells
what are the two types of toxins
endotoxins and exotoxins
what are the enzymes that can help pathogens resist body defenses
coagulase, streptokinase, and hyaluronidase
this enzyme induces blood clots around pathogens and helps bacteria to hide from the immune response
coagulase
this enzyme dissolves blood clots and releases the bacteria and helps bacteria spread
streptokinase
this enzyme helps to access deeper tissues in the body
hyaluronidase
detectable evidence of an infection or disease that you can see
signs of a disease
changes in body function that a patient can feel
symptoms of a disease
specific collections of signs and symptoms characteristic of a disease
syndromes
what are the stages of disease
- incubation period
- prodromal phase
- acute period
- decline
- convalescence
the time from contact of microbe to the first symptoms
incubation period
a time of mild signs or symptoms but no specific symptoms
prodromal period
when signs and symptoms are most intense and specific to the disease
acute period
occurs as signs and symptoms subside
decline
the body systems return to normal during this stage
convalescence
aftereffects of infection
sequelae
what are the phases to pathogen immune response
- recognition phase
- activation phase
- effector phase
immune cells distinguish normal body cells as self and pathogen as non self
recognition phase of pathogen immune response
the appropriate members of the immune response team are mobilized for action
activation phase of pathogen immune response
the mobilized cells and molecules called effectors attempt to eliminate the invader
effector phase of pathogen immune response
nonspecific defenses against disease
innate immunity
resistance against a specific pathogen
adaptive immunity
what are the physical surface barriers
skin and mucous membranes
both dry surface and sebum skin inhibit growth of a ___________
pathogen
does sebum produce a high or low pH
low
what type of physical surface barriers remove pathogens
mucous membranes
these mucous membranes (physical surface barriers) help clear out bacteria
cilia
these mucous membranes (physical surface barriers) trap the invaders
mucus
what are the chemical surface barriers
bile, defenses, lysozyme, complement, and interferon
what do chemical surface barriers do
kill the pathogen
what is bile made up of
lactic acid and fatty acids
what are the antimicrobial proteins
defenses, lysozyme, complement, and interferon
these are a group of proteins produced in the liver and circulate the blood
complement
what are the cellular surface barriers
leukocytes and tissue microbiome
what are leukocytes
white blood cells
monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are what
leukocytes
leukocytes perform ____________ and create inflammatory responses
phagocytosis
what type of cells are phagocytic white blood cells
monocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils
what do monocytes mature into
macrophages
these are the first white blood cell an invader will encounter because they reside right below the skin
dendritic cells
these are granulocytes and are the highest percent of white blood cells circulating
neutrophils
what are the two innate immunity types
inflammatory response and phagocytosis
when are cellular and molecular defenses activated
when surface barriers are breached
bacteria gave an ______________ that macrophages can detect in our body as foreign as well as peptidoglycan
endotoxin
a mechanism to clear microbes from infected tissues
pathocytosis
the capture and digestion of foreign particles
phagocytosis
who performs phagocytosis
macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
what are the four steps of phagocytosis
- attachment
- ingestion
- digestion
- egestion
what step of phagocytosis is the receptor recognized
attachment
what step of phagocytosis does the phagosome engulf the bacterial
ingestion
what step of phagocytosis does the fusion of lysosomes with phagosome and bacterial cell is killed through the activity of lysosomal enzymes and other toxic products occur in
digestion
when are the bacterial debris eliminated, bacterial cell is recycled, and the microbial fragments are placed on membrane receptor proteins
egestion
what initiates phagocytosis and secretes cytokines
macrophages
these releases histamine
mast cells
this prevents the spread of a pathogen
fibrin
when capillary cell walls dilate, what happens
edema, heat, redness, and pain
what attracts phagocytes to the site of injury
chemokine
cytokines produced by some leukocytes and fragments from pathogens
pyrogens
what affects the hypothalamus
pyrogens
what temperature do pathogens prefer
normal body temp
a series of 30 proteins that are produced in the liver and circulate in the bloodstream and tissues
complement
what happens when complements are activated
set off a massive cascade reaction
puts cells in an antiviral state that gives cells protection and doesn’t allow other cells that are not antiviral to reproduce
interferons
what produces interferons
viral infected cells
what happens when interferons alert neighboring cells to infection
- macrophage activation
- production of antiviral proteins to interfere with RNA viral reproduction
- helps to prevent the infection from spreading
