Test 3- Chapters 20 & 21

Question 1

occurs when healthy people are exposed to disease agents that then try to overcome the immune system and establish a population

Answer 1

colonization

Question 2

is colonization always automatically associated with disease

Answer 2

no

Question 3

refers to the multiplication of a microbe in a host where the microbe is now in competition with the hosts immune system

Answer 3

infection

Question 4

during infection, what may occur but doesn’t always have to

Answer 4

signs and symptoms

Question 5

if the host loses the competition with the microbe, this can lead to tissue or organ damage or dysfunction

Answer 5

disease

Question 6

allows pathogens to adhere to tissues

Answer 6

structural virulence factor

Question 7

what are examples of structural virulence factors

Answer 7

pili and glycocalyx

Question 8

structural virulence factors help pathogens move from colonization to ______________

Answer 8

infection

Question 9

what do toxins damage

Answer 9

host cells

Question 10

what are the two types of toxins

Answer 10

endotoxins and exotoxins

Question 11

what are the enzymes that can help pathogens resist body defenses

Answer 11

coagulase, streptokinase, and hyaluronidase

Question 12

this enzyme induces blood clots around pathogens and helps bacteria to hide from the immune response

Answer 12

coagulase

Question 13

this enzyme dissolves blood clots and releases the bacteria and helps bacteria spread

Answer 13

streptokinase

Question 14

this enzyme helps to access deeper tissues in the body

Answer 14

hyaluronidase

Question 15

detectable evidence of an infection or disease that you can see

Answer 15

signs of a disease

Question 16

changes in body function that a patient can feel

Answer 16

symptoms of a disease

Question 17

specific collections of signs and symptoms characteristic of a disease

Answer 17

syndromes

Question 18

what are the stages of disease

Answer 18

1. incubation period
2. prodromal phase
3. acute period
4. decline
5. convalescence

Question 19

the time from contact of microbe to the first symptoms

Answer 19

incubation period

Question 20

a time of mild signs or symptoms but no specific symptoms

Answer 20

prodromal period

Question 21

when signs and symptoms are most intense and specific to the disease

Answer 21

acute period

Question 22

occurs as signs and symptoms subside

Answer 22

decline

Question 23

the body systems return to normal during this stage

Answer 23

convalescence

Question 24

aftereffects of infection

Answer 24

sequelae

Question 25

what are the phases to pathogen immune response

Answer 25

1. recognition phase 2. activation phase 3. effector phase

Question 26

immune cells distinguish normal body cells as self and pathogen as non self

Answer 26

recognition phase of pathogen immune response

Question 27

the appropriate members of the immune response team are mobilized for action

Answer 27

activation phase of pathogen immune response

Question 28

the mobilized cells and molecules called effectors attempt to eliminate the invader

Answer 28

effector phase of pathogen immune response

Question 29

nonspecific defenses against disease

Answer 29

innate immunity

Question 30

resistance against a specific pathogen

Answer 30

adaptive immunity

Question 31

what are the physical surface barriers

Answer 31

skin and mucous membranes

Question 32

both dry surface and sebum skin inhibit growth of a ___________

Answer 32

pathogen

Question 33

does sebum produce a high or low pH

Answer 33

low

Question 34

what type of physical surface barriers remove pathogens

Answer 34

mucous membranes

Question 35

these mucous membranes (physical surface barriers) help clear out bacteria

Answer 35

cilia

Question 36

these mucous membranes (physical surface barriers) trap the invaders

Answer 36

mucus

Question 37

what are the chemical surface barriers

Answer 37

bile, defenses, lysozyme, complement, and interferon

Question 38

what do chemical surface barriers do

Answer 38

kill the pathogen

Question 39

what is bile made up of

Answer 39

lactic acid and fatty acids

Question 40

what are the antimicrobial proteins

Answer 40

defenses, lysozyme, complement, and interferon

Question 41

these are a group of proteins produced in the liver and circulate the blood

Answer 41

complement

Question 42

what are the cellular surface barriers

Answer 42

leukocytes and tissue microbiome

Question 43

what are leukocytes

Answer 43

white blood cells

Question 44

monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are what

Answer 44

leukocytes

Question 45

leukocytes perform ____________ and create inflammatory responses

Answer 45

phagocytosis

Question 46

what type of cells are phagocytic white blood cells

Answer 46

monocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils

Question 47

what do monocytes mature into

Answer 47

macrophages

Question 48

these are the first white blood cell an invader will encounter because they reside right below the skin

Answer 48

dendritic cells

Question 49

these are granulocytes and are the highest percent of white blood cells circulating

Answer 49

neutrophils

Question 50

what are the two innate immunity types

Answer 50

inflammatory response and phagocytosis

Question 51

when are cellular and molecular defenses activated

Answer 51

when surface barriers are breached

Question 52

bacteria gave an ______________ that macrophages can detect in our body as foreign as well as peptidoglycan

Answer 52

endotoxin

Question 53

a mechanism to clear microbes from infected tissues

Answer 53

pathocytosis

Question 54

the capture and digestion of foreign particles

Answer 54

phagocytosis

Question 55

who performs phagocytosis

Answer 55

macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

Question 56

what are the four steps of phagocytosis

Answer 56

1. attachment 2. ingestion 3. digestion 4. egestion

Question 57

what step of phagocytosis is the receptor recognized

Answer 57

attachment

Question 58

what step of phagocytosis does the phagosome engulf the bacterial

Answer 58

ingestion

Question 59

what step of phagocytosis does the fusion of lysosomes with phagosome and bacterial cell is killed through the activity of lysosomal enzymes and other toxic products occur in

Answer 59

digestion

Question 60

when are the bacterial debris eliminated, bacterial cell is recycled, and the microbial fragments are placed on membrane receptor proteins

Answer 60

egestion

Question 61

what initiates phagocytosis and secretes cytokines

Answer 61

macrophages

Question 62

these releases histamine

Answer 62

mast cells

Question 63

this prevents the spread of a pathogen

Answer 63

fibrin

Question 64

when capillary cell walls dilate, what happens

Answer 64

edema, heat, redness, and pain

Question 65

what attracts phagocytes to the site of injury

Answer 65

chemokine

Question 66

cytokines produced by some leukocytes and fragments from pathogens

Answer 66

pyrogens

Question 67

what affects the hypothalamus

Answer 67

pyrogens

Question 68

what temperature do pathogens prefer

Answer 68

normal body temp

Question 69

a series of 30 proteins that are produced in the liver and circulate in the bloodstream and tissues

Answer 69

complement

Question 70

what happens when complements are activated

Answer 70

set off a massive cascade reaction

Question 71

puts cells in an antiviral state that gives cells protection and doesn't allow other cells that are not antiviral to reproduce

Answer 71

interferons

Question 72

what produces interferons

Answer 72

viral infected cells

Question 73

what happens when interferons alert neighboring cells to infection

Answer 73

1. macrophage activation 2. production of antiviral proteins to interfere with RNA viral reproduction 3. helps to prevent the infection from spreading