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Semester 2 Microbiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

treatment of an object to ensure destruction of all living microbes, spores, and viruses

A

sterilization

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2
Q

the process of killing all pathogens in a product, particularly in the food supply

A

commercial sterilization

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3
Q

reduces the numbers of pathogens or discourages their growth on inanimate objects

A

disinfection

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4
Q

reduces pathogen numbers to levels considered safe by public health standard

A

sanitization

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5
Q

agent that kill microbes

A

microbicidals

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6
Q

agent that specifically target and kill bacteria

A

bactericidals

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7
Q

agents that specifically target and kill fungi

A

fingicidals

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8
Q

agent that inhibit growth of all microbes

A

microbiostatics

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9
Q

agent that inhibit the growth of bacteria

A

bacteriostatics

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10
Q

agents that inhibit the growth of fungi

A

fungistatics

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11
Q

microbial growth control agents exert their effect by:

A

targeting cellular structures and interfering with metabolic activities

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12
Q

the bacterial cell envelope consists of:

A

cell wall damage and phospholipids/cell membrane proteins

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13
Q

elevated _________ is a common physical control method

A

temperature

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14
Q

the effectiveness of heat for sterilization is a function of ________ and _________

A

time and temperature

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15
Q

at temperatures above the growth range, what happens

A

proteins and nucleic acids are destroyed and water is removed

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16
Q

uses direct flame to kill microbes

A

incineration

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17
Q

______________ ovens do not penetrate materials easily, but long-term exposure to high temperatures can be used for sterilization

A

hot air

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18
Q

what degrees Celsius for two hours will sterilize most objects

A

160 degrees celsius

19
Q

requires long periods of exposure to high temperatures

A

dry heat

20
Q

effective at a lower temperature than dry heat

A

moist heat

21
Q

used in an autoclave as a more dependable way to sterilize a variety of objects

A

pressurized steam

22
Q

what pressure, temperature, and time are used in pressurized steam

A

15 psi at 121 degrees Celsius for 15-30 minutes

23
Q

reduces bacterial populations in food and drink

A

pasteurization

24
Q

________ temperatures slow microbial growth

A

cold

25
Q

retards metabolic activity of microbes but does not kill them

A

refrigerators

26
Q

___________ prefer colder temperatures and can contaminate foods

A

psychrophiles

27
Q

as fluid passes through a membrane filter, organisms above a certain size threshold are trapped in the pores

A

liquid filtration

28
Q

air can be filtered using a _____________ filter

A

high-efficiency particulate air

29
Q

can be used to control microbial growth

A

ultraviolet light

30
Q

_______ and _________ force electrons out of microbial molecules; this affects cell metabolism and physiology

A

x-rays and gamma rays

31
Q

used to destroy pathogens on living tissue

A

antiseptics

32
Q

used on inanimate objects to reduce or eliminate pathogens

A

disinfectants

33
Q

mechanically removing organisms from an objects surface

A

degerming

34
Q

keeps bacterial populations low in municipal water supplies

A

chlorine

35
Q

used as a disinfectant and as an antiseptic on wounds

A

iodine

36
Q

interfere with microbial metabolism

A

heavy metals

37
Q

_________, ___________, and __________ are reactive proteins

A

mercury copper and silver

38
Q

denature proteins and disrupt membranes by lipid dissolution

A

alcohols

39
Q

what percent alcohol is used to disinfect surfaces

A

70

40
Q

removes microbes by emulsifying and solubilizing particles on the skin

A

soaps

41
Q

are surfactants

A

detergents

42
Q

damages cellular components

A

hydrogen peroxide

43
Q

cause cross-linking that inactivates proteins and nucleic acids

A

aldehydes

44
Q

used on heat-sensitive plastics

A

sterilizing gases

Semester 2 Microbiology (15 decks)

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