Chapter 9

Question 1

treatment of an object to ensure destruction of all living microbes, spores, and viruses

Answer 1

sterilization

Question 2

the process of killing all pathogens in a product, particularly in the food supply

Answer 2

commercial sterilization

Question 3

reduces the numbers of pathogens or discourages their growth on inanimate objects

Answer 3

disinfection

Question 4

reduces pathogen numbers to levels considered safe by public health standard

Answer 4

sanitization

Question 5

agent that kill microbes

Answer 5

microbicidals

Question 6

agent that specifically target and kill bacteria

Answer 6

bactericidals

Question 7

agents that specifically target and kill fungi

Answer 7

fingicidals

Question 8

agent that inhibit growth of all microbes

Answer 8

microbiostatics

Question 9

agent that inhibit the growth of bacteria

Answer 9

bacteriostatics

Question 10

agents that inhibit the growth of fungi

Answer 10

fungistatics

Question 11

microbial growth control agents exert their effect by:

Answer 11

targeting cellular structures and interfering with metabolic activities

Question 12

the bacterial cell envelope consists of:

Answer 12

cell wall damage and phospholipids/cell membrane proteins

Question 13

elevated _________ is a common physical control method

Answer 13

temperature

Question 14

the effectiveness of heat for sterilization is a function of ________ and _________

Answer 14

time and temperature

Question 15

at temperatures above the growth range, what happens

Answer 15

proteins and nucleic acids are destroyed and water is removed

Question 16

uses direct flame to kill microbes

Answer 16

incineration

Question 17

______________ ovens do not penetrate materials easily, but long-term exposure to high temperatures can be used for sterilization

Answer 17

hot air

Question 18

what degrees Celsius for two hours will sterilize most objects

Answer 18

160 degrees celsius

Question 19

requires long periods of exposure to high temperatures

Answer 19

dry heat

Question 20

effective at a lower temperature than dry heat

Answer 20

moist heat

Question 21

used in an autoclave as a more dependable way to sterilize a variety of objects

Answer 21

pressurized steam

Question 22

what pressure, temperature, and time are used in pressurized steam

Answer 22

15 psi at 121 degrees Celsius for 15-30 minutes

Question 23

reduces bacterial populations in food and drink

Answer 23

pasteurization

Question 24

________ temperatures slow microbial growth

Answer 24

cold

Question 25

retards metabolic activity of microbes but does not kill them

Answer 25

refrigerators

Question 26

___________ prefer colder temperatures and can contaminate foods

Answer 26

psychrophiles

Question 27

as fluid passes through a membrane filter, organisms above a certain size threshold are trapped in the pores

Answer 27

liquid filtration

Question 28

air can be filtered using a _____________ filter

Answer 28

high-efficiency particulate air

Question 29

can be used to control microbial growth

Answer 29

ultraviolet light

Question 30

_______ and _________ force electrons out of microbial molecules; this affects cell metabolism and physiology

Answer 30

x-rays and gamma rays

Question 31

used to destroy pathogens on living tissue

Answer 31

antiseptics

Question 32

used on inanimate objects to reduce or eliminate pathogens

Answer 32

disinfectants

Question 33

mechanically removing organisms from an objects surface

Answer 33

degerming

Question 34

keeps bacterial populations low in municipal water supplies

Answer 34

chlorine

Question 35

used as a disinfectant and as an antiseptic on wounds

Answer 35

iodine

Question 36

interfere with microbial metabolism

Answer 36

heavy metals

Question 37

_________, ___________, and __________ are reactive proteins

Answer 37

mercury copper and silver

Question 38

denature proteins and disrupt membranes by lipid dissolution

Answer 38

alcohols

Question 39

what percent alcohol is used to disinfect surfaces

Answer 39

70

Question 40

removes microbes by emulsifying and solubilizing particles on the skin

Answer 40

soaps

Question 41

are surfactants

Answer 41

detergents

Question 42

damages cellular components

Answer 42

hydrogen peroxide

Question 43

cause cross-linking that inactivates proteins and nucleic acids

Answer 43

aldehydes

Question 44

used on heat-sensitive plastics

Answer 44

sterilizing gases