Chapter 7

Question 1

the science of heredity; structure and function of DNA

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

DNA molecule is a double helix composed of repeating monomers called

Answer 2

nucleotides

Question 3

a segment of DNA that forms a unit of heredity is termed

Answer 3

gene

Question 4

the complete set of genes for an organism is termed a

Answer 4

genome

Question 5

bacterial and archaeal DNA is organized within an area of the cytosol called the

Answer 5

nucleoid

Question 6

what is the shape of a DNA chromosome

Answer 6

circular

Question 7

because the genome contains only one set of genes, prokaryotes are ________

Answer 7

haploid

Question 8

essential for cell function; shared by all strains of a species

Answer 8

core genes

Question 9

have useful functions; shared by several strains of a species

Answer 9

variable genes

Question 10

unique to one strain of a species

Answer 10

unique genes

Question 11

carry nonessential but often useful information

Answer 11

plasmids

Question 12

plasmids are resistant to what two things

Answer 12

antibiotics and heavy metal toxicity

Question 13

plasmids produce _________ that inhibit other bacterial species

Answer 13

proteins

Question 14

found only in eukaryotic microbes containing mitochondria and/or chloroplasts

Answer 14

organelle DNA

Question 15

what are the three stages of DNA replication in the cell cycle

Answer 15

initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 16

how many daughter strands of DNA exist following replication

Answer 16

two

Question 17

each of the two DNA double helices contain one old half and one new half

Answer 17

semiconservative replication

Question 18

in initiation, how many origins of replication do bacteria and eukaryotes have

Answer 18

bacteria- one
eukaryotes- multiple

Question 19

synthesizes new nucleotide strands of DNA on old template using complementary bases in elongation

Answer 19

DNA polymerase

Question 20

when the terminus region is reached what process stops

Answer 20

termination

Question 21

process of using the information in genes to make proteins and other products

Answer 21

gene expression

Question 22

identifies the flow of genetic material

Answer 22

central dogma

Question 23

the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA

Answer 23

RNA polymerase

Question 24

in initiation, RNA polymerase looks of the __________, where it attaches and unwinds the DNA

Answer 24

promoter

Question 25

in what process does RNA polymerase add complementary bases to the DNA strand to make a product composed of RNA

Answer 25

elongation

Question 26

in what process does RNA polymerase stop transcribing at a terminator sequence

Answer 26

termination

Question 27

what is the location of transcription

Answer 27

nucleoid of prokaryotes

Question 28

what are the steps in transcription of DNA into RNA

Answer 28

initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 29

transcription product that carries message in codons to ribosome

Answer 29

mRNA

Question 30

________ and proteins make up ribosomes

Answer 30

rRNA

Question 31

caries anticodon complimentary to mRNA message and amino acid to ribosome for protein synthesis

Answer 31

tRNA

Question 32

what are the stop codons

Answer 32

UAA, UAG, and UGA

Question 33

what is the stop codon

Answer 33

AUG

Question 34

the ribosome clamps onto the mRNA at the start codon AUG

Answer 34

chain initiation

Question 35

tRNAs base pair with the mRNA feeding through the ribosome, and the amino acids they carry are bound together with peptide bonds to form a chain

Answer 35

chain elongation

Question 36

the process continues until a stop codon is encountered on the mRNA, and the chain is released

Answer 36

chain termination/release

Question 37

the results of heritable changes in a genome

Answer 37

mutations

Question 38

mutations can be _______ or _________

Answer 38

spontaneous or induced

Question 39

one of the most common results of mutagens acting on DNA

Answer 39

point mutation

Question 40

one incorrect base in mRNA sequence of codons

Answer 40

base-pair substitutions

Question 41

no change in protein produced due to the redundancy of the genetic code

Answer 41

silent mutation

Question 42

the wrong amino acid is inserted at the point of the mutation, and the protein may not have the correct shape and function

Answer 42

missence mutation

Question 43

stop codon at the point of the mutation; the polypeptide is nonfunctional

Answer 43

nonsense mutation

Question 44

leads to an inappropriate number of bases and a frameshift mutation, where the protein is built abnormally

Answer 44

base-pair deletion or insertion

Question 45

the transfer of genetic material from parent cell to daughter cell

Answer 45

vertical gene transfer

Question 46

transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell

Answer 46

horizontal gene transfer

Question 47

what three processes does horizontal gene transfer include

Answer 47

transformation, conjugation, and transduction

Question 48

involves the uptake of naked DNA

Answer 48

transformation

Question 49

the ability of a recipient cell to take up DNA from the environment

Answer 49

competence

Question 50

by _________ of a new DNA fragment, the recipient has gained some ability it previously lacked

Answer 50

integration

Question 51

a donor cell transfers DNA directly to the recipient cell

Answer 51

conjugation

Question 52

the donor cell in conjugation forms a ______________ to make contact with the recipient

Answer 52

conjugation pilus

Question 53

where is DNA transfer through in conjugation

Answer 53

the bridge

Question 54

a virus that only infects bacteria

Answer 54

bacteriophage

Question 55

in transduction, a phage carries a ____________ DNA fragment from donor cell to recipient cell

Answer 55

chromosomal

Question 56

phage enters bacterial genes to a recipient cell

Answer 56

generalized transduction

Question 57

phage transfers both bacterial and viral genes to a recipient cell

Answer 57

specialized transduction

Question 58

what percent of our genome is composed of viral DNA fragments

Answer 58

10%