Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

the science of heredity; structure and function of DNA

A

genetics

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2
Q

DNA molecule is a double helix composed of repeating monomers called

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

a segment of DNA that forms a unit of heredity is termed

A

gene

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4
Q

the complete set of genes for an organism is termed a

A

genome

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5
Q

bacterial and archaeal DNA is organized within an area of the cytosol called the

A

nucleoid

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6
Q

what is the shape of a DNA chromosome

A

circular

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7
Q

because the genome contains only one set of genes, prokaryotes are ________

A

haploid

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8
Q

essential for cell function; shared by all strains of a species

A

core genes

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9
Q

have useful functions; shared by several strains of a species

A

variable genes

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10
Q

unique to one strain of a species

A

unique genes

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11
Q

carry nonessential but often useful information

A

plasmids

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12
Q

plasmids are resistant to what two things

A

antibiotics and heavy metal toxicity

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13
Q

plasmids produce _________ that inhibit other bacterial species

A

proteins

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14
Q

found only in eukaryotic microbes containing mitochondria and/or chloroplasts

A

organelle DNA

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15
Q

what are the three stages of DNA replication in the cell cycle

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

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16
Q

how many daughter strands of DNA exist following replication

A

two

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17
Q

each of the two DNA double helices contain one old half and one new half

A

semiconservative replication

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18
Q

in initiation, how many origins of replication do bacteria and eukaryotes have

A

bacteria- one
eukaryotes- multiple

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19
Q

synthesizes new nucleotide strands of DNA on old template using complementary bases in elongation

A

DNA polymerase

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20
Q

when the terminus region is reached what process stops

A

termination

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21
Q

process of using the information in genes to make proteins and other products

A

gene expression

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22
Q

identifies the flow of genetic material

A

central dogma

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23
Q

the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA

A

RNA polymerase

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24
Q

in initiation, RNA polymerase looks of the __________, where it attaches and unwinds the DNA

25
in what process does RNA polymerase add complementary bases to the DNA strand to make a product composed of RNA
elongation
26
in what process does RNA polymerase stop transcribing at a terminator sequence
termination
27
what is the location of transcription
nucleoid of prokaryotes
28
what are the steps in transcription of DNA into RNA
initiation, elongation, and termination
29
transcription product that carries message in codons to ribosome
mRNA
30
________ and proteins make up ribosomes
rRNA
31
caries anticodon complimentary to mRNA message and amino acid to ribosome for protein synthesis
tRNA
32
what are the stop codons
UAA, UAG, and UGA
33
what is the stop codon
AUG
34
the ribosome clamps onto the mRNA at the start codon AUG
chain initiation
35
tRNAs base pair with the mRNA feeding through the ribosome, and the amino acids they carry are bound together with peptide bonds to form a chain
chain elongation
36
the process continues until a stop codon is encountered on the mRNA, and the chain is released
chain termination/release
37
the results of heritable changes in a genome
mutations
38
mutations can be _______ or _________
spontaneous or induced
39
one of the most common results of mutagens acting on DNA
point mutation
40
one incorrect base in mRNA sequence of codons
base-pair substitutions
41
no change in protein produced due to the redundancy of the genetic code
silent mutation
42
the wrong amino acid is inserted at the point of the mutation, and the protein may not have the correct shape and function
missence mutation
43
stop codon at the point of the mutation; the polypeptide is nonfunctional
nonsense mutation
44
leads to an inappropriate number of bases and a frameshift mutation, where the protein is built abnormally
base-pair deletion or insertion
45
the transfer of genetic material from parent cell to daughter cell
vertical gene transfer
46
transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell
horizontal gene transfer
47
what three processes does horizontal gene transfer include
transformation, conjugation, and transduction
48
involves the uptake of naked DNA
transformation
49
the ability of a recipient cell to take up DNA from the environment
competence
50
by _________ of a new DNA fragment, the recipient has gained some ability it previously lacked
integration
51
a donor cell transfers DNA directly to the recipient cell
conjugation
52
the donor cell in conjugation forms a ______________ to make contact with the recipient
conjugation pilus
53
where is DNA transfer through in conjugation
the bridge
54
a virus that only infects bacteria
bacteriophage
55
in transduction, a phage carries a ____________ DNA fragment from donor cell to recipient cell
chromosomal
56
phage enters bacterial genes to a recipient cell
generalized transduction
57
phage transfers both bacterial and viral genes to a recipient cell
specialized transduction
58
what percent of our genome is composed of viral DNA fragments
10%