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Semester 2 Microbiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the science of heredity; structure and function of DNA

A

genetics

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2
Q

DNA molecule is a double helix composed of repeating monomers called

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

a segment of DNA that forms a unit of heredity is termed

A

gene

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4
Q

the complete set of genes for an organism is termed a

A

genome

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5
Q

bacterial and archaeal DNA is organized within an area of the cytosol called the

A

nucleoid

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6
Q

what is the shape of a DNA chromosome

A

circular

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7
Q

because the genome contains only one set of genes, prokaryotes are ________

A

haploid

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8
Q

essential for cell function; shared by all strains of a species

A

core genes

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9
Q

have useful functions; shared by several strains of a species

A

variable genes

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10
Q

unique to one strain of a species

A

unique genes

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11
Q

carry nonessential but often useful information

A

plasmids

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12
Q

plasmids are resistant to what two things

A

antibiotics and heavy metal toxicity

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13
Q

plasmids produce _________ that inhibit other bacterial species

A

proteins

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14
Q

found only in eukaryotic microbes containing mitochondria and/or chloroplasts

A

organelle DNA

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15
Q

what are the three stages of DNA replication in the cell cycle

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

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16
Q

how many daughter strands of DNA exist following replication

A

two

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17
Q

each of the two DNA double helices contain one old half and one new half

A

semiconservative replication

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18
Q

in initiation, how many origins of replication do bacteria and eukaryotes have

A

bacteria- one
eukaryotes- multiple

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19
Q

synthesizes new nucleotide strands of DNA on old template using complementary bases in elongation

A

DNA polymerase

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20
Q

when the terminus region is reached what process stops

A

termination

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21
Q

process of using the information in genes to make proteins and other products

A

gene expression

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22
Q

identifies the flow of genetic material

A

central dogma

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23
Q

the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA

A

RNA polymerase

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24
Q

in initiation, RNA polymerase looks of the __________, where it attaches and unwinds the DNA

A

promoter

25
Q

in what process does RNA polymerase add complementary bases to the DNA strand to make a product composed of RNA

A

elongation

26
Q

in what process does RNA polymerase stop transcribing at a terminator sequence

A

termination

27
Q

what is the location of transcription

A

nucleoid of prokaryotes

28
Q

what are the steps in transcription of DNA into RNA

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

29
Q

transcription product that carries message in codons to ribosome

A

mRNA

30
Q

________ and proteins make up ribosomes

A

rRNA

31
Q

caries anticodon complimentary to mRNA message and amino acid to ribosome for protein synthesis

A

tRNA

32
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

33
Q

what is the stop codon

A

AUG

34
Q

the ribosome clamps onto the mRNA at the start codon AUG

A

chain initiation

35
Q

tRNAs base pair with the mRNA feeding through the ribosome, and the amino acids they carry are bound together with peptide bonds to form a chain

A

chain elongation

36
Q

the process continues until a stop codon is encountered on the mRNA, and the chain is released

A

chain termination/release

37
Q

the results of heritable changes in a genome

A

mutations

38
Q

mutations can be _______ or _________

A

spontaneous or induced

39
Q

one of the most common results of mutagens acting on DNA

A

point mutation

40
Q

one incorrect base in mRNA sequence of codons

A

base-pair substitutions

41
Q

no change in protein produced due to the redundancy of the genetic code

A

silent mutation

42
Q

the wrong amino acid is inserted at the point of the mutation, and the protein may not have the correct shape and function

A

missence mutation

43
Q

stop codon at the point of the mutation; the polypeptide is nonfunctional

A

nonsense mutation

44
Q

leads to an inappropriate number of bases and a frameshift mutation, where the protein is built abnormally

A

base-pair deletion or insertion

45
Q

the transfer of genetic material from parent cell to daughter cell

A

vertical gene transfer

46
Q

transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell

A

horizontal gene transfer

47
Q

what three processes does horizontal gene transfer include

A

transformation, conjugation, and transduction

48
Q

involves the uptake of naked DNA

A

transformation

49
Q

the ability of a recipient cell to take up DNA from the environment

A

competence

50
Q

by _________ of a new DNA fragment, the recipient has gained some ability it previously lacked

A

integration

51
Q

a donor cell transfers DNA directly to the recipient cell

A

conjugation

52
Q

the donor cell in conjugation forms a ______________ to make contact with the recipient

A

conjugation pilus

53
Q

where is DNA transfer through in conjugation

A

the bridge

54
Q

a virus that only infects bacteria

A

bacteriophage

55
Q

in transduction, a phage carries a ____________ DNA fragment from donor cell to recipient cell

A

chromosomal

56
Q

phage enters bacterial genes to a recipient cell

A

generalized transduction

57
Q

phage transfers both bacterial and viral genes to a recipient cell

A

specialized transduction

58
Q

what percent of our genome is composed of viral DNA fragments

A

10%

Semester 2 Microbiology (15 decks)

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