Chapter 3 Flashcards
Controls structure and function
DNA
Used for growth and energy conversions
Biochemical reactions
Produces new generations
Reproduction
Are complex and regulated
Responses to stimuli
What are the organelles in a prokaryotic cell
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
DNA
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Transports proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough)
Synthesize and transport lipids
Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth)
Modify, sort, and package proteins
Golgi apparatus
Digest proteins; control cell metabolism and growth
Lysosomes
Convert chemical energy into cellular energy for work
Mitochondria
Convert light energy into chemical energy
Chloroplasts
Prokaryotic cells perform both __________ and/or ____________ but utilize the cell membrane rather than organelles
Cell respiration
Photosynthesis
Gives the cell structure and transports materials within the cell
Eukaryotic cytoskeleton
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton includes what
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
Prokaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton used for…..
cell shape; positioning structures within the cell
In eukaryote cells: made of microtubules and beat in a wave-like motion
Flagella
In prokaryotic cells: structurally different and provide rotational propeller- like force
Flagella
Are cilia present in prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Shorter microtubules and more numerous flagella
Cilia
Help maintain water balance by osmosis
Cell wall
Cell walls help cells resist….
Lysis
Who used shared characteristics to divide organisms into plant and animal kingdom
Carolus Linnaeus
How many kingdoms were there by the 1950’S
5
The scientific discipline of naming and classifying organisms within a framework of evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy
Who proposed classification scheme with the most inclusive category being the domain
Woese and Fox
Prokaryotes with unique rRNA sequences
Archaea
All other prokaryotes
Bacteria
Include the multicellular kingdoms of plants, fungi, and animals, as well as single-celled protists
Eukarya
Who created nomenclature
Linnaeus
Nomenclature involves_________ & __________
Genus and specific epithet
Developed ability to inwardly fold its plasma membrane
Ancestral prokaryote
Acquisition of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts
Endosymbiotic theory
Visible light passes through multiple lenses and through the specimen
Bright-field microscopy
High resolving power
Resolution
Uses basic (cationic) dye
Simple stain
Uses acidic (canonic) dye which is repelled by cell walls
Negative stain
Which bacteria retain crystal violet
Gram (+)
Which bacteria appear orange/red
Gram (-)
Used to identify members of Mycobacterium, including the causative agent of tuberculosis
Acid fast
What color stain is acid-fast
Red
Used to identify the endospores of gram-positive bacteria
Spore stain
What color does spore stain result in
Green
A special condenser and objective lenses allow observers to view living, unstained organisms.
Phase-contrast microscopy
Shows the specimen against a dark background and provides good resolution
Dark-field microscopy
Specimens are coated with penetrating ________ dye
Fluorescent
Cells are illuminated with _____________, exciting electrons in the dye and causing it to glow.
ultraviolet light
can yield a final magnification nearly 2 million times larger than the actual specimen.
Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
magnify to about 20,000x.
Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
