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Semester 2 Microbiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bacterial and archaean cells reproduce asexually via……

A

binary fission

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2
Q

what ensures proper division during of the bacterial cell cycle

A

two checkpoints

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3
Q

the interval required to progress through the cell cycle and produce two daughter cells

A

generation time or doubling time

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4
Q

how many daughter cells are produced at the end of the bacterial cell cycle

A

two

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5
Q

in pathogens a ________ doubling time means a _______ incubation period of disease

A

shorter
shorter

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6
Q

bacteria adapt to their new environment; no cell division occurs

A

lag phase

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7
Q

exponential growth; human disease symptoms usually develop

A

log phase

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8
Q

reproductive and death rates equalize

A

stationary phase

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9
Q

accumulation of waste products and scarcity of resources cause the population to die

A

decline phase

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10
Q

a subset of bacterial cells that maintain a low rate of metabolism

A

persister cells

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11
Q

persister cells are unaffected by what

A

antibiotics

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12
Q

when antibiotic is withdrawn from persister cells, these cells can……..

A

repopulate the colony

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13
Q

are a response to nutrient limitation

A

endospores

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14
Q

how many genera are endospore forming and what are they

A

2
bacillus and clostridium

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15
Q

are bacillus and clostridium gram positive or gram negative

A

gram positive

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16
Q

what is an example of a diseases caused by bacilli

A

anthrax

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17
Q

what is an example of a disease causes by clostridium

A

tetanus or botulism

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18
Q

endospores are highly resistant to _______ and __________

A

heat and desiccation

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19
Q

what phase are endospores formed in

A

stationary

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20
Q

returning favorable environment conditions cause the protective layers of the endospore to _________

A

break down

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21
Q

after the protective layer of endospores break down, what happens

A

the spore germinates into a vegetative cell

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22
Q

between what degrees celsius are psychrophiles most optimal for growth

A

-10 and 20

23
Q

between what degrees celsius are psychotrophs most optimal for growth

A

0 and 30

24
Q

between what degrees celsius are mesophiles most optimal for growth

A

10 and about 50

25
Q

between what degrees celsius are thermophiles most optimal for growth

A

40 and about 72

26
Q

between what degrees celsius are hyperthermophiles most optimal for growth

A

about 68 and 110

27
Q

the majority of species grow optimally at a _________ pH

A

neutral

28
Q

what are species called that growth optimally at a neutral pH

A

neutrophiles

29
Q

acid tolerant bacteria

A

acidophiles

30
Q

what are two examples of acidophiles

A

lactobacillus and streptococcus

31
Q

extreme acidophilus are typically __________

A

archaea

32
Q

grow best at pH levels above 9

A

alkaliphiles

33
Q

need salty/hypersaline conditions for optimal growth

A

halophiles

34
Q

what prefers 2-5% NaCl

A

vibrio cholerae

35
Q

what is an example of an extreme halophile

A

halo bacterium salinarium

36
Q

what percent of NaCl do extreme halophiles grow at

A

20-30%

37
Q

what is an example of a nonhalophile

A

E. coli

38
Q

What percent of NaCl do nonhalophiles grow best at

A

less than 2%

39
Q

What is an example of a halotolerant bacteria

A

staphylococcus

40
Q

what percent of NaCl do halotolerants grow best at

A

non saline or slightly saline but only up to 8%

41
Q

requires oxygen to grow

A

obligate aerobes

42
Q

live in low oxygen environments

A

microaerophiles

43
Q

do not or cannot use oxygen

A

anaerobes

44
Q

species are insensitive to oxygen

A

aerotolerant

45
Q

are inhibited or killed by oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

46
Q

grow either with oxygen or in reduced oxygen environments

A

facultative anaerobes

47
Q

require an atmosphere low in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide

A

capnophilic bacteria

48
Q

what are the two basic types of culture media

A

complex medium and chemically defined medium

49
Q

some components are exactly known, but other components include plant digests, animal digests, or yeast extracts or unknown composition

A

complex medium

50
Q

the precise chemical composition of all additives is known

A

chemically defined medium

51
Q

inhibits growth of certain species and allows the growth of others

A

selective medium

52
Q

contains specific chemical to indicate species that possess or lack a biochemical process

A

differential medium

53
Q

some fastidious organisms require an ____________ containing specific nutrients

A

enriched medium

Semester 2 Microbiology (15 decks)

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