Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is the largest and most diverse group of species
Phylum proteobacteria
largely nonpathogenic, but also include Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus
Firmicutes
largely decomposers, but Streptomyces are sources of antibiotics, and Mycobacterium contains causative agent of TB.
Actinobacteria
Are firmicutes and actinobacteria gram (+) or gram (-)
Gram(+)
What shape are bacillus
Rod
Pairs of bacilli =
Diplo
Chains of bacilli =
strepto
What is the length of bacilli
0.5 - 20
What is the shape of cocci
Spherical
What are the possible forms of cocci
Diplo or strepto
Group of four cells in a square.
tetrad
Group of eight cells in a cube
Sarcina
Irregular cluster of cells
Staphylo
What is the diameter of cocci
0.5 - 1.0
Can spiral shaped bacteria have pairs, chains, or clumps
No
Curved cell
Vibrio
Helical shape with thick, rigid cell wall
Spirillum
Thin, flexible cell wall in spiral
Spirochete
What is the length of spiral bacteria
Up to 100
What types of bacteria can be diplo or strepto
Bacilli and cocci
A particle composed of RNA and protein involved
in manufacturing proteins.
Ribosome
The semifluid substance inside the cell in which much of the cell’s
metabolism occurs.
Cytoplasm
The area containing the bacterial chromosome, which contains essential genes
for growth and metabolism.
Nucleoid
A closed loop of DNA containing nonessential
genetic information.
Plasmid
Protein fibers that rotate and enable the cell to
move through fluids.
Flagella
A lipid bilayer with proteins controlling the movement of materials into and
out of the cell.
Cell membrane
A semirigid structure composed of carbohydrate and protein
providing shape and structural support.
Cell wall
A thick or thin layer of carbohydrate providing protection and helping with cell
adhesion to surfaces.
Glycocalyx
Thin protein fibers extending from the surface that enable
adhesion to surfaces.
Pili
Used to transfer gener material between cells
Conjugation pili
Act as virulence factor in pathogenic bacteria
Pili
Very long corkscrew appendages extending from the cell surface
Prokaryotic flagella
Flagella differences are used to classify….
Bacterial strains
Do most cocci have flagella
No
Bacterial flagella contain what 3 things
Helical filament, hook, and a basal body
Counterclockwise =
Run
Clockwise=
Tumble
Bacteria exhibit____________ when searching for nutrients
Chemotaxis
Extend from poles and fold back along body in periplasm
Endoflagella in spirochetes
sticky layer of polysaccharides secreted externally to the cell wall.
Glycocalyx
Thick, firmly bound layer
Capsule
Diffuse, water-soluble layer
Slime layer
multicellular communities of bacteria embedded in a gelatinous matrix called slime.
Biofilms
tolerant of antibiotics and antimicrobials
Biofilms
What causes biofilms to be tolerant of antibiotics and antimicrobials
Chemical gradients
a complex structure that forms two wrappings around the cell cytoplasm.
Cell envelope
Outermost wrapping; key feature of most prokaryotic cells.
Cell wall
Inner wrapping; controls transport of nutrients and metabolic products into and out of the cell.
Cell membrane
Protects the integrity of the cell
Cell envelope
Thick peptidoglycan cell walls containing teichoic acid.
Gram (+) bacteria
Thin peptidoglycan layer and no teichoic acid
Gram (-) bacteria
The Outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria contains…
Porins and lipopolysaccharides
separates the outer membrane and the cell membrane
periplasmic space
represents a subcompartment containing the chromosome
nucleoid
Usually a closed loop of DNA and protein
nucleoid
extrachromosomal molecules of DNA much smaller than the chromosome
Plasmids
Plasmids contain a closed loop of now many genes
5-100
Replicate independently of the chromosome
Plasmids
Provide genetic flexibility in populations, such as antibiotic resistance.
Plasmids
Regulate cell division by recruiting proteins to deposit a cell wall between dividing cells and segregating the chromosome
Cytoskeleton
