Chapter 6 Flashcards
all the biochemical reactions taking place in an organism
metabolism
build polymers from smaller building blocks
anabolic reactions
energy input required
endergonic
endergonic reactions are also
anabolic reactions
break down polymers into simpler molecules
catabolic reactions
energy is released
exergonic
exergonic reactions are also
catabolic reactions
enzymes are large _________ complexes that function to increase the probability of __________
protein
chemical reactions
enzymes lower the ________ of reactions
activation energy
rate of enzymatic reactions is influenced by
temperature and pH
sequence of chemical reactions
metabolic pathway
blocking of an active site with the attachment of a similar shaped molecule so the substrate can bind
competitve inhibition
changing the shape of an active site so the substrate no longer fits
noncompetitive inhibition
feedback inhibition is an example of what type of inhibition
noncompetitive
cellular energy currency of all cells
ATP
adding a phosphate group to a molecule
phosphorylation
glucose contains __________ that can be extracted
stored energy
energy in glucose in released slowly by converting it to _____ through metabolic pathways
ATP
a series of catabolic pathways for the production of ATP
cellular respiration
if oxygen is consumed while making ATP, it is ________ cellular respiration
aerobic
if oxygen is not used while making ATP, it is _________ cellular respiration
anaerobic
aerobic cellular respiration includes:
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis
glycolysis oxidizes glucose to
pyruvate
during the transition step of ATP production, pyruvate is converted into
acetyl CoA
during the fermentation step of ATP production, pyruvate is reduced to an
end product
in the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is used and releases
CO2
In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are taken from NADH and FADH2 to power
ATP synthesis
splitting of a 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules
glycolysis
how many enzymes are involved in glycolysis
ten
how many intermediate molecules are involved in glycolysis
eight
how many ATP are required to start glycolysis
two
how many ATP are released during glycolysis
four
what is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis
two
how many NADH molecules are released in glycolysis
two
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
before entering the citric acid cycle, the pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis enter a transition step where they are converted into _________
acetyl CoA
how many enzyme controlled reactions are involved in each turn of the citric acid cycle
eight
how many ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle
two
how many FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle
two
what is the waste product produced in the citric acid cycle
CO2
where does the citric acid cycle take place
prokaryotic cytoplasm
for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis followed by the citric acid cycle, how many NADH are produced in total
10
for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis followed by the citric acid cycle, how many FADH2 are produced in total
2
for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis followed by the citric acid cycle, how many ATP are produced in total
4
NADH and FADH2 provide pairs of electrons for ____________
oxidative phosphorylation
electrons are passed along a series of four protein complexes during oxidative phosphorylation called _________
cytochromes
what is the process called of electrons passing by protein complexes in oxidative phosphorylation
electron transport
the energy released by oxidative phosphorylation is used to combine phosphate with ______
ADP to form ATP
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
prokaryotic cell membrane
in aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen accepts ______ protons and becomes ________
two
water
in chemiosmosis, protons flow through ATP synthase via
facilitated diffusion
ATP synthase harnesses the energy from the flowing protons to…….
phosphorylate ADP into ATP
1 NADH = ____ ATPs
2.5
1 FADH2 = ____ATPs
1.5
in anaerobic respiration, are there more or less ATPs produced when compared to aerobic respiration
less
what is never the final electron acceptor in the ETC of anaerobic respiration
oxygen
what are possible final electron acceptors in theETC of anaerobic respiration
nitrate
sulfate
carbonate
fermentation also produces _______ ATP than aerobic respiration
less
synthesize their own foods
autotrophs
gain energy and carbon from outside sources
heterotrophs
use light as their energy source
photoautotrophs
use inorganic compounds as their energy source
chemoautotrophs
use light as their energy source and organic compounds as their source of carbon
photoheterotrophs
use organic compounds other for energy and carbon sources
chemoheterotrophs
feed exclusively on dead organic matter
saprobes
feed on living organic matter
parasites
