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Semester 2 Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all the biochemical reactions taking place in an organism

A

metabolism

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2
Q

build polymers from smaller building blocks

A

anabolic reactions

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3
Q

energy input required

A

endergonic

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4
Q

endergonic reactions are also

A

anabolic reactions

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5
Q

break down polymers into simpler molecules

A

catabolic reactions

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6
Q

energy is released

A

exergonic

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7
Q

exergonic reactions are also

A

catabolic reactions

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8
Q

enzymes are large _________ complexes that function to increase the probability of __________

A

protein
chemical reactions

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9
Q

enzymes lower the ________ of reactions

A

activation energy

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10
Q

rate of enzymatic reactions is influenced by

A

temperature and pH

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11
Q

sequence of chemical reactions

A

metabolic pathway

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12
Q

blocking of an active site with the attachment of a similar shaped molecule so the substrate can bind

A

competitve inhibition

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13
Q

changing the shape of an active site so the substrate no longer fits

A

noncompetitive inhibition

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14
Q

feedback inhibition is an example of what type of inhibition

A

noncompetitive

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15
Q

cellular energy currency of all cells

A

ATP

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16
Q

adding a phosphate group to a molecule

A

phosphorylation

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17
Q

glucose contains __________ that can be extracted

A

stored energy

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18
Q

energy in glucose in released slowly by converting it to _____ through metabolic pathways

A

ATP

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19
Q

a series of catabolic pathways for the production of ATP

A

cellular respiration

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20
Q

if oxygen is consumed while making ATP, it is ________ cellular respiration

A

aerobic

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21
Q

if oxygen is not used while making ATP, it is _________ cellular respiration

A

anaerobic

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22
Q

aerobic cellular respiration includes:

A

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis

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23
Q

glycolysis oxidizes glucose to

A

pyruvate

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24
Q

during the transition step of ATP production, pyruvate is converted into

A

acetyl CoA

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25
Q

during the fermentation step of ATP production, pyruvate is reduced to an

A

end product

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26
Q

in the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is used and releases

A

CO2

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27
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are taken from NADH and FADH2 to power

A

ATP synthesis

28
Q

splitting of a 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules

A

glycolysis

29
Q

how many enzymes are involved in glycolysis

A

ten

30
Q

how many intermediate molecules are involved in glycolysis

A

eight

31
Q

how many ATP are required to start glycolysis

A

two

32
Q

how many ATP are released during glycolysis

A

four

33
Q

what is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis

A

two

34
Q

how many NADH molecules are released in glycolysis

A

two

35
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

36
Q

before entering the citric acid cycle, the pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis enter a transition step where they are converted into _________

A

acetyl CoA

37
Q

how many enzyme controlled reactions are involved in each turn of the citric acid cycle

A

eight

38
Q

how many ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle

A

two

39
Q

how many FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle

A

two

40
Q

what is the waste product produced in the citric acid cycle

A

CO2

41
Q

where does the citric acid cycle take place

A

prokaryotic cytoplasm

42
Q

for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis followed by the citric acid cycle, how many NADH are produced in total

A

10

43
Q

for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis followed by the citric acid cycle, how many FADH2 are produced in total

A

2

44
Q

for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis followed by the citric acid cycle, how many ATP are produced in total

A

4

45
Q

NADH and FADH2 provide pairs of electrons for ____________

A

oxidative phosphorylation

46
Q

electrons are passed along a series of four protein complexes during oxidative phosphorylation called _________

A

cytochromes

47
Q

what is the process called of electrons passing by protein complexes in oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport

48
Q

the energy released by oxidative phosphorylation is used to combine phosphate with ______

A

ADP to form ATP

49
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

prokaryotic cell membrane

50
Q

in aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen accepts ______ protons and becomes ________

A

two
water

51
Q

in chemiosmosis, protons flow through ATP synthase via

A

facilitated diffusion

52
Q

ATP synthase harnesses the energy from the flowing protons to…….

A

phosphorylate ADP into ATP

53
Q

1 NADH = ____ ATPs

A

2.5

54
Q

1 FADH2 = ____ATPs

A

1.5

55
Q

in anaerobic respiration, are there more or less ATPs produced when compared to aerobic respiration

A

less

56
Q

what is never the final electron acceptor in the ETC of anaerobic respiration

A

oxygen

57
Q

what are possible final electron acceptors in theETC of anaerobic respiration

A

nitrate
sulfate
carbonate

58
Q

fermentation also produces _______ ATP than aerobic respiration

A

less

59
Q

synthesize their own foods

A

autotrophs

60
Q

gain energy and carbon from outside sources

A

heterotrophs

61
Q

use light as their energy source

A

photoautotrophs

62
Q

use inorganic compounds as their energy source

A

chemoautotrophs

63
Q

use light as their energy source and organic compounds as their source of carbon

A

photoheterotrophs

64
Q

use organic compounds other for energy and carbon sources

A

chemoheterotrophs

65
Q

feed exclusively on dead organic matter

A

saprobes

66
Q

feed on living organic matter

A

parasites

Semester 2 Microbiology (15 decks)

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