Test #3 Chapter 18 Flashcards
Postformal thought? p.517-518
It is more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical (able to consider and integrate opposing or conflicting ideas).
This is considered to be a fifth (adult) stage after piagets four stages of cognitive development.
Characteristics: Problem finding, more open to ideas rather than finding absolute rights and wrongs.
Cognitive development approaches? p.517
Stage approach - describes shifts in the nature of thought, like the postformal stage that follow the formal stage.
Psychometric approach - analyzes intelligence via IQ tests and other measures.
The information-processing approach - studies how the brain encodes, stores and retrieves information.
Chronological age is not a good boundary in adulthood, some examples will extend beyond chronological age boundaries.
subjective thought/objective thought? p.521-522
Subjective thought - Thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker, such as past experiences, cultural assumptions, and goals for the future.
Objective thought - Thinking that is not influenced by the thinkers personal qualities but instead involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid.
There must be a balance of these two types of thinking because:
- Thinking objectively only is too limited, rigid, and impractical.
- Thinking only subjectively is also limiting.
postformal thought allows one to think objectively and subjectively at the same time.
without consolidating intellect (objective) and emotion (subjective) behavioral extremes (anorexia, obesity, addiction, and violence) and cognitive extremes (like believing someone is the absolute best or worst)
Stereotype threat?p.524
the thought in a persons mind that ones appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another persons oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes.
This is a self-handicapping thought - people who think this way become hypersensitive when it is present, let it hijack their mind, which undercuts their ability to perform.
This relates to testing, if one feels that there is a stereotype towards their genetics and intelligence, they may feel threatened and do worse on tests.
Dialectical thought? p.525
The most advanced cognitive process, characterized by the ability to consider a thesis (1) (proposition or statement of belief) and its antithesis (2) (proposition or statement of belief that opposes thesis) simultaneously and thus arrive at a synthesis (3) (A new idea that integrates thesis and antithesis). Dialectical thought makes possible an ongoing awareness of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, possibilities and limitations.
Morality of justice/ Morality of care?p.530
Morality of Justice (GILLIGAN) - Moral principles that reflect the tendency of MALES to emphasize justice over compassion, judging right and wrong in absolute terms.
Morality of Care (GILLIGAN) - Moral principles that reflect the tendency of FEMALES to be reluctant to judge right and wrong in absolute terms because they are socialized to be nurturing, compassionate and nonjudgmental.
In a study, men who excelled at math are more likely to get advanced degrees in science and math and be leaders in their field, but women who were equally intelligent chose to spend more time tending to the family.
Defining issues test (DIT)? p. 530
A series of questions developed by James Rest and are designed to assess respondents level of moral development by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas.
A question example: A reporter must decide whether or not to publish old information about a political candidate that might harm them. The respondents rank their priorities from personal benefits to higher goals.
Some people complain that this tests only one part of moral development.
Massification? p.535
The idea that establishing institutions of higher learning and encouraging college enrollment can benefit everyone (the masses).
US was first major nation to accept the idea, but no longer leads in this idea. (in some nations more than half of all 25-34 year olds are college graduates like in canada, russia, korea and japan), with at least an associates degree.
Generally there are more females than males in college.
