Test #3 Chapter 14

Question 0

Unseen beginnings - hormones, pituitary, adrenal glands, HPA? p.402

Answer 0

hormones - organic chemicals made by a body tissue that travel by the bloodstream to another tissue to affect some physiological function.

pituitary - A gland in the brain that responds to the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and control other glands

adrenal glands - two glands located above the kidneys that produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

HPA (hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal axis) - a sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary then to the adrenal glands

Question 1

Puberty begins? p. 401

Answer 1

The time between the initial rush of hormones to full adult development. (usually last 3-5 years), starts between ages 8 and 14. physical growth and sexual maturation.

menarche - the girls first menstrual period, means ovulation has begun, pregnancy can become possible.

spermarche - a boys first ejaculation of sperm, erections may have already occured, but ejaculation signals sperm production.

Question 2

Stress and puberty? p.408 and 409 (one question on each page)

Answer 2

There is a direct link between an increase in stress and the onset of puberty.

this can be linked between the history of when harsher conditions come around, the younger adolescents need to be able to reproduce, making puberty come earlier.

Question 3

Diet deficiencies? p.413

Answer 3

This is the deficiency of necessary nutrients in the diet, many children suffer from this. Common in children living in poverty, but can also occur with children who are allowed to make poor food choices.

During adolescence - iron, calcium, zinc, and other minerals are especially common. (menstration depletes iron: anemia is more likely in girls)

physically active boys can be low in iron too

many teenagers dont get enough calcium (beween 10 to 20 is when bone mass develops) which may lead them to having osteoperosis later in life. (milk drinking has declined)

Question 4

Body image? p.414

Answer 4

This is an anxiety caused by not liking how ones body looks. exaggeration of imperfections, few adolescents are happy with their bodies mainly because of the impossible looking bodies that the media portrays.

Question 5

Primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics? p. 419 - 420

Answer 5

Primary - The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction (uterus, vagina, testicles, penis, and ovaries)

Secondary - These are the physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but indicate sexual maturity, like a mans beard or a womans breast.

Question 6

Sexual abuse? p. 424

Answer 6

Erotic activity that arouses an adult, and excites, shames or confuses a child whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved.

Family member are most likely to abuse

victims are often isolated and uniformed

impact of abuse often continues into adulthood

Question 7

Sexually transmitted infections? p. 424

Answer 7

A disease that is spread by sexual contact, including syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV.

Half of all new STIs occur in people ages 15 to 25

Question 8

Brain development? p.418

Answer 8

with the early maturation of the limbic system followed by the prefrontal cortex, and with the combination of puberty teenagers minds are ruled by emotions

adolescents are still able to assess risks better, but it still isnt as good as when the prefrontal cortex is fully matured.

normal emotional states that might shame adults (like being really drunk) are found to be cooler with teenagers.

teenagers also make bad decisions about other risks, whether they be physical or sexual. this is because the parts of the brain that control these decisions arent mature at the first rush of hormones from puberty

for example, a thoughtless impulse and poor decision of texting while driving kills more teens than adults, even though teens have better reflexes and better vision

because the reward parts of the brain are more developed than the inhibition parts, teens act more foolishly than adults

also increased myelination and decreased inhibition speed up reactions, making adolescent athletes possible stars

since the reward centers are more active, teens gain more happiness, like when they get their first job, car, A grade or college acceptance.

Question 9

Organ growth? p.412

Answer 9

height and weight increase before the internal organs and muscles do (height spurt before bone mass, so during puberty more sports injuries)

the lymphoid system decreases in size (tonsils) so teenagers are less susceptible to respiratory ailments.

skin becomes oilier and sweatier, hair starts growing everywhere and teenagers spend a lot of time styling visible hair.