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Neuroscience > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 routings of somatosensation?

A

conscious awareness - cerebral cortex
unconscious - cerebrum
emotional and autonomic - limbic

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2
Q

Is conscious awareness multi synaptic? Explain.

A

touch - discriminative
proprioception - “I know where I’ve been touched”
pain - describe and locate
temp - describe and locate

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3
Q

For the spinal cord tracts, where do sensations of touch and proprioception go?

A

Back of SC - dorsal columns

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4
Q

For the spinal cord tracts, where do sensations of pain and temperature go?

A

anterolateral SC

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5
Q

Where are discriminative touch and conscious proprioception located?

A

touch - SC –> dorsal column

proprioception –> brainstem –> medial lemniscus

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6
Q

Describe the 3 orders of discriminative touch and conscious proprioception.

A

1st order –> peripheral
sensory receptor
ascends SC into caudal medulla

2nd order –> where fx is contralateral
caudal medulla
crosses to other side
ends in thalamus

3rd order –> to consciousness
synapses in thalamus and heads to the post central gyrus of parietal lobe

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7
Q

Describe the 3 orders of pain and temperature.

A

1st order - Free N ending –> dorsal horn
synapse
cross
2nd order - dorsal horn - synapse –> thalamus
3rd order - thalamus to cerebral cortex

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8
Q

Describe the 3 orders of emotional &and autonomic pathway.

A

Divergent

can be a 2 or 3 neuron pathway

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9
Q

What are the three divergent pathways for autonomic and emotional responses?

A

spinoreticular
spinpmescencephalic
spinoemotional

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10
Q

spinoreticular

A

regulates arousal

AWAKE

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11
Q

spinomescencephalic

A

SC –> midbrain

  1. terminates in midbrain that turns head toward pain
  2. activates neurons that project from brainstem to SC to shut off pain pathway
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12
Q

spinoemotional

A

emotional and autonomic
reactionary
alerts autonomic system

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13
Q

Where are the divergent pathways located?

A

Anterolateral column

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14
Q

parieaqueduct

A

gray cells around ventricles that send messages back down to sc to modulate pain

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15
Q

What happens in peripheral sensitization?

A

sensitization of Free N endings
any injury creates a low threshold for AP
easily activated and slightly depolarized

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16
Q

What is the first neurotransmitter in the spinothalamic tract?

A

glutamate - fast

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17
Q

What is the first neurotransmitter in the divergent pathways?

A

Substance P
excitatory
prolonged - slow

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18
Q

Explain the 3 aspects of pain experience.

A

Sensory discriminative - spinothalamic - look, describe
motivational effective - limbic lobe - spino-emotional and spinoreticular - change mood, change emotion
cognitive-evaluative - experience - prefrontal lobes - cerebral cortex

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19
Q

Dorsal horn processing - normal

A

free N endings depolarized - passes along AP

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20
Q

Dorsal horn processing - suppressed

A

cannot pass AP as easily
Rubbing suppressed pain synapse
pharmacological

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21
Q

Dorsal horn processing - sensitized (temporary)

neuropathic

A

easier for temporary amount of time

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22
Q

Dorsal horn processing - reorganized - persistent

neuropathic

A

LTP - increases spines to increase availability to pass signal –> permanent

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23
Q

I. Periphery

A

Free N endings - pain receptors
reduce depolarization
stretch, mobilizations, anti-inflammatation, massage

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24
Q

II. Doral Horn (1st synapse of P pathway)

A

rub it where it hurts
E stim - depolarizes A-Beta
move to activate mechanoreceptors

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25
Q

III. Midbrain descending

A

signal that returns to site

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26
Q

IV. Hormonal - pituatary

A

autonomic - dumps chemicals into blood to spread to body

endogenous opioids

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27
Q

V. amygdala and cortex

A

can turn on inferior levels
THINK LESS PAIN
can turn on endogenous opioids

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28
Q

paresthesia

A

sensory massage that arises without stimulus of sensory receptors (non-painful)

29
Q

dysesthesia - allodynia

A

unpleasant P, spontaneous/evoked
alodynia - unpleasant sensation in response to stimulus that is generally not painful (sunburn)
\

30
Q

dysesthesia - secondary hyperalgesia

A

pain that is out of proportion to stimulus creating it

31
Q

What causes neuropathic pain?

A

absence of stimulation in free N endings

32
Q

What are the four mechanisms of neuropathic pain?

A

ectopic
ephatic
central sensitization
structural reorganization

33
Q

Describe ectopic pain

A

stim. in one place put sensation in another
damage to myelination - peripheral axon is killed - injured axon calls for signal - will put ligand/modality gated channels to try and get axon - will now get stimulation inappropriately

34
Q

Describe ephatic pain

A

short circuit
demyelination between sensation neuron and pain neuron allows a jump of AP
= stimulation on pain when sensation reaches threshold

35
Q

Describe central sensitization.

A

Learns P
When there is a strong or long P signal body reorganizes cell to better receive/transmit P signal so P is increased
possible mechanism for hyperalgesia
maladaptive - feel pain inappropriately

36
Q

Describe structural reorganization.

A

central axon backs off
of P neuron and away from synapse
2nd order pain neuron has lost input
touch neuron innervates/re-establishes synapse on P

37
Q

How do central neurons generate Neuropathic P?

A

If an injured body part receives signal from collateral sprouting.
Phantom sensation and phantom pain

38
Q

General process of Motor System

A 
decision to move
plan to move
control to move
motor tracts UMN -SC
motor neurons LMN - peripheral
39
Q

myofibril

A

elongated contractile material in the muscle

40
Q

sarcomeres

A

contractors of m
z-line: structural end of m
m-line: where myosin hangs
titin: the rubber band that resists overstretch that may cause damage from one end of sarcomere to other

41
Q

myofilaments

A

actin and myosin

actin climbs myosin by way of Ca 2+ to make m contract

42
Q

How does an AP occur in the muscle

A

A-Alpha brings All- EPSP- cell is depolarized

if Ca is released- actin climbs myosin, all sarcomere shorten

43
Q

What causes a contracture?

A

when titan will not let go of myosin

44
Q

What may cause total m resistance to stretch?

*****

A

titin’s elasticity has reached it’s limit - active contraction
actin is continually pulling on myosin- cross-bridges form
Number of sarcomeres adapt to length

45
Q

What does it mean if a muscle contraction is involuntary?

A

pathological

46
Q

Where are motor neurons?

A

begin in cell body of spinal cord and synapse in m

47
Q

Where are motor neurons located in the cell body?

A

the ventral horn

48
Q

In the horizontal organization of motor neurons, what is medial? Lateral? Anterior? Posterior?

A

medial – axial and proximal Mm
Lateral – distal Mm
Anterior – extensors Mm
Flexors – Flexor Mm

49
Q

How is the vertical organization of motor neurons coordinated?

A

all cell that contribute to a particular M –> cluster into a vertical pool

50
Q

Which motor neuron contracts M?

A

A-Alpha

51
Q

Which motor neuron keeps intrafusal muscle spindles sensitive?

A

A-gamma

52
Q

What is the afferent axon from Mm spindles?

A

1a

53
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

1 LMN and all M fibers it connects to

54
Q 
Describe what a slow twitch fiber is? 
size?
metabolism?
tension?
fatigue?
A

small A-Alpha
oxidative
low tension
fatigue resistent

55
Q 
Describe fast twitch muscle fibers
size?
metabolism?
tension?
fatigue?
A

large A-Alpha
glycolytic
high tension
fatigue in first few moments used

56
Q

What is the order of recruitment for muscle fibers?

A

slow twitch first –> fast twitch only called if movement requires strength and power (Hennemans size principle)

57
Q

Which muscle fibers are easiest to depolarize?

A

slow twitch small A-alphas

58
Q

How come we can use fast twitch for more than a few moments if they fatigue so easily?

A

Our conscious brain changes the demand on which fast twitch muscle fiber is used so they are rotated to reduce fatigue

59
Q

How does 1 alpha neuron receive information?

A

convergence
brain and sensory receptor
deep tendon pressure inhibits alpha 1 neurons

60
Q

What is a muscle cramp?

A

no neural input leading to involuntary contraction
electrolyte
overworked
motor neuron dz - fewer motor units - fatigue

61
Q

What is a fasciculation?

A

spontaneous depolarization of a motor neuron

62
Q

myoclonus

A

whole body jerk

63
Q

fibrillations

A

one single m fiber depolarization

64
Q

paresis and paralysis

A

paresis - weak - SN

paralysis - inability - PN

65
Q

disuse atrophy

A

small, no definition

66
Q

denervation atrophy

A

wither away to nothing

67
Q

hypotonic

A

loss of some

68
Q

flaccidity

A

peripheral N loss - loss of all M tone

69
Q

“flaccid paralysis”

A

loss of m tone and inability to contract, damage to motor neuron

Neuroscience (26 decks)

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