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Neuroscience > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

Ch. 6 slide 12 - Ch. 11 Slide 11

1
Q

What are the events @ the synapse?

A

AP reaches end of presynaptic terminal
Calcium is released into presynaptic terminal
vesicles move towards release site
terminal releases neurotransmitter
neurotransmitters bind to post-syn membrane receptor
membrane channel changes shape, and ions enter

transporters and enzymes enter synapse to clear and re-set for next AP

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2
Q

What are the three types of synapses?

A

axoaxonic - axon - axon
axodendritic - axon-dendrite
axosomatic - axon-somite

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3
Q

Which type of synapse(s) can increase/decrease chances of AP? Change number of neurotransmitters sent?

A 
Chances of AP - axodendritic, axosomatic
# sent -axoaxonic
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4
Q

Describe an EPSP’s.

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential
local
depolarize
Na+/Ca++ into cell

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5
Q

Describe IPSP’s.

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential
local
hyper polarize
Cl- in/ K+ out

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6
Q

Describe the two Presynaptic potentials

A

pre-syn facilitation
Increases influx of Ca++

pre-syn Inhibition
decreases influx of Ca++

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7
Q

Differences between Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators.

A

Neurotransmitter - released into synaptic cleft, acts on receptors, excites or inhibits, quickness’s and short

Neuromodulator - act at distance, can affect many neurons, slow and long

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8
Q

What are the 3 kinds of synaptic receptors?

A
  1. ligand-gated
  2. G-Protein
  3. G- Protein 2nd messenger
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9
Q

What does an agonist do?

A

bind and mimic

enhance release

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10
Q

What does an antagonist do?

A

bind and block

diminishes releasing

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11
Q

ACl

A

facilitatory/excitatory, depolarize

fast: pns-neuromuscular jx -nicotinic
slow: ans and cns - muscarinic

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12
Q

Glutamate

A

Facilitatory/Excitatory/depolarize
brain works - too much =toxic
Fast: CNS (AMPA most prevalent excitatory in CNS)
slow: NMDA CNS

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13
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory - most prevalent in CNS
hyper polarize
fast: GABAa
slow: GABAb

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14
Q

Dopamine

A

slow acting nt
motor act, cognition, behavior
pleasure - associated with addiction

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15
Q

Norepinephrine

A

slow acting nt
increases attn. to sensory info in and
sympathetic fight/flight

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16
Q

serotonin

A

slow acting nt
blood and perception of P
adjusts arousal

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17
Q

Histamine

A

slow acting nt

inflammation of nt

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18
Q

endogenous opioids

A

peptide

inhibit perception of P

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19
Q

substance P

A

peptide
transmitter/modulator
send signal or enhances route
chronic pain - substance p is overactive

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20
Q

What kind of neurotransmitters are in the PNS?

A

only excitatory

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21
Q

In terms of receptor regulation, what does it mean to “down-regulate?” - re-map

A

decrease chance of AP
inactivate - protein in synapse but not used
internalize

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22
Q

In terms of receptor regulation, what does it mean to “up-regulate?”

A

increase chance of AP
activate - unlock gate and allow ions to flow in
externalize - bring receptor from outside cell into membrane

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23
Q

What does LTP do?

A 
Turns up cell signaling
passive --> active
Ca released by NMDA
AMPA active into post-sun membrane
split into two dendritic spines
less effort required
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24
Q

What does LTD do?

A

Turns down cell signaling
active to passive
remove ampa
less likely to depolarize when glutamate is released

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25
Q

penumbra

A

cells that fall asleep because of reduced O2

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26
Q 
excitotoxicity
glycolysis
protease
protein enzymes
solute
A 
too much glutamate - too much Ca++
lactic acid> decrease in pH
degrade cell protein
O2 free radicals
cell swelling > pop
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27
Q

What happens to connection in an axonal injury?

A

distal axon and myelin degenerates, Mm atrophy

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28
Q

collateral axonal injury

A 
the denervated is innervated by intact neighbors
* ----- * -----
*   \--- *-----
regenerative sprouting
* ----- * -----
* -----/
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29
Q

regenerative sprouting

A

axon and target cell damage, injured axon sprouts

  • —– * —–
  • —–/
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30
Q

Is there final regeneration in the CNS

A

no

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31
Q

recovery of synaptic effectiveness

A

decrease swelling and wake up sleeping cells

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32
Q

denervation hypersensitivity

A

new receptors at remaining terminals

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33
Q

synaptic hypereffectiveness

A

excessive nt released

34
Q

unmasking of silent synapses

A

repeated NMDA receptor stimulation
AMPA moved into post-synaptic membrane
synapse activates

35
Q

What are to times and duration of the stages of development?

A

Pre-embryonic - conception to the 2nd week
embryonic - 2nd week to 8th week
fetal- 8th week to birth

36
Q

In which stage does a cluster of cells become suspended from the placenta?

A

pre-embryonic

37
Q

In which stage does the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm out of the embryonic disc?

A

embryonic

38
Q

In which stage does the nervous system develop more fully and myelination begins?

A

Fetal

39
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the embryonic disc.

A

ectoderm - epidermin, sensory organs and NS
mesoderm - dermis, skeleton, Mm, circulation;atory system
endoderm - gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory system

40
Q

When does the neural tube form and describe the process.

A

Days 18-26

  1. longitudinal thickening of ectoderm
  2. edges of plate fold to become neural groove and folds grow towards each other
  3. closes first in cervical region, zips close rostrally to caudally - leaving ends called neuropores open.
  4. adjacent cells to neural tube and remaining ectoderm form the neural crest.
  5. two rings form inside - concentric
41
Q

Describe the two concentric circles that form inside the mesoderm.

A

Inner-mantle-gray matter-motor-cell bodies

outer - marginal - white- axons and glial cells

42
Q

What does the mesoderm develop into as the neural tube forms?

A

somites
appear on surface of embryo (occipital to caudal)
become the sclerotome (skull and skeleton){, myotome (dermis), dermatome (lateral)

43
Q

What will develop and become peripheral sensory neurons, myelin cells, autonomic neurons, and endocrine organs?

A

Neural crest

44
Q

hindbrain

A

pons, medulla, cerebellum, 4th ventricle

45
Q

midbrain

A

midbrain, cerebral aqueduct

46
Q

forebrain

A

dicephalon, 3rd ventricle, telencephalon:hemispheres, BG, cerebral cortex, lateral ventricles

47
Q

When does myelination begin and end?

A

4th fetal month - 3 years
peripheral motor neurons -1 month
central motor neurons - 2 months

48
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect pressure and stretch

49
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemical changes

in blood

50
Q

nociceptors

A 
detect pain
stretch
ischemia
viscera walls, arterial walls
A-delta, C
51
Q

thermoreceptor

A

temp change

hypothalamus

52
Q

What are the two ways that information enters the CNS from the autonomic system?

A

sc - via dorsal root ganglion

into brainstem - via cranial Nn 7,9 and 10

53
Q

Where does visceral info converge?

A

solitary nucleus

54
Q

differences in somatic and autonomis

A

somatic is voluntary, autonomic is not
somatic is 1 neuron/auto is 2
somatic is skeletal M/auto is everything else
auto visceral organs can fx independently

55
Q

where are cell bodies of sympathetic pre gang efferent located?

A

T1-L2

56
Q

Where are axons of control located?

A

Only down to L2

57
Q

Which systems are both s&p, and what others are not regulated?

A 
heart-both
bowel -both
vessels - s
sweat - s
curvature of lens - P
58
Q

How do tonic receptors work?

A

slow

always receipting as long as stimulus present

59
Q

How do phasic receptors work?

A

responds to change - fast

60
Q

Name the sensory axons from largest to smallest.

A

1a>1b>II/Abeta>Adelta>c>III>IV

61
Q

Discriminative touch

A

A-beta, peripheral to CNS

62
Q

Course touch

A

A-delta, C
free N ending
no specialized receptor

63
Q

Temperature

A

A-delta, C

64
Q

Dermatonal v periphery

spinal n and peripheral N

A

dermatomal - spinal

periphery-peripheral

65
Q

If the SC is damaged, does a whole are or just a portion lose sensation?

A

whole area

66
Q

In M spindles, what does the nuclear bag detect?

A

change in length

67
Q

In M spindles, what does the nuclear chain detect?

A

length

68
Q

Where are the primary endings found?

A

1a
change of length
nuclear bag and chain

69
Q

Where are the secondary endings found?

A

II
length
chain

70
Q

What neuron stretches intrafusal fibers?

A

gamma motor

71
Q

what neuron stretches extrafusal fibers?

A

a-alpha

72
Q

What axons are the GTO found on?

A

1b

73
Q

specialized jt receptor

A

movement and position

II

74
Q

Ligament receptor

A

tension on ligament

1b

75
Q

Freen N endings

A

damage

A-delta, C

76
Q

What uses Large 1a and 1 b sensory axons?

A

mm, its, tendons

77
Q

What uses medium sensory axons?

A

muscle spindles II, specialized cutaneous A beta

78
Q

What uses small A-delta?

A

Free N A-delta

79
Q

What uses unmyelinated small C

A

Free n endings

80
Q

What is the order of loss with compression of sensory axons?

A 
con
cold
fast pain
heat
slow pain

Neuroscience (26 decks)

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