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human gross anatomy > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Femoral neck fracture are common in______. Why? Laymans terms?

A

people over 60 years old especially women because of the angle of the femur

broken hip

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2
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament forms?

A

From the sciatic notch to the ischial tuberosity… forms the lesser sciatic notch

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3
Q

Sacrospinous ligament forms?

A

From the sacrum to the ischial spine… forms the greater sciatic foramen

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4
Q

The greater sciatic foramen is the passageway?

A

The greater sciatic foramen is the passageway for structures leaving the pelvis like the sciatic nerve

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5
Q

The lesser sciatic foramen is the passageway?

A

The passageway for structures leaving the perineum like the pudendal nerve

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6
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major, Psoas minor, iliacus, quadratus lumborum

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7
Q

What is IT band syndrome?

A

Repetitive strain of IT band
Friction between the soft tissue and lateral epicondyle causes pain and inflammation

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8
Q

Name the artery pathway starting at common iliac artery?

A

internal Iliac artery and external iliac artery which changes to femoral artery when travelling under inguinal ligament

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9
Q

What are the borders/contents for the femoral triangle

A

Inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus
Floor: pectineus and iliopsoas
Contents: Femoral vein, artery, nerve

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10
Q

What are the contents of the adductor canal/ hiatus?

A

Saphoneous nerve
Femoral artery, vein, nerve

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11
Q

What are the 5 P’s of the compartment syndrome?

A

Pain, Pallor, Paresthesia, Pulselessness, Paralysis

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12
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus Big 5?

A

Obturator Nerve (L2-L4)
Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3)
Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4-S1)
Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5-S2)

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13
Q

What travels through the fovea?

A

Obturator Artery

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14
Q

What kind of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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15
Q

What direction is most common in patellar dislocation?

A

Lateral

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16
Q

Knee Joint- Screw Home Mechanism?

A

Foot on surface (closed chain)
- to lock and straighten the knee, the knee locks by medially rotating the femur on the fixed tibia
- to unlock, the popliteus contracts, laterally rotates the femur on the fixed tibia

Foot off surface (open chain)
- to lock and straighten the knee, the knee locks by laterally rotating the tibia on the fixed femur
-to unlock the knee, the popliteus contracts, medially rotates the tibia on the fixed femur

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17
Q

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

After the adductor hiatus

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18
Q

What are the borders/ contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superolateral: Biceps femoris tendon
Superomedial: Semimembranosus and semitendinosus
Inferomedial: medial head of gastrocnemius
Inferolateral: Lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris

Contents: Politeal artery, politeal vein, Nerves

Bifurcation of sciatic nerve into tibial and common fibular nerve, sural nerve

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19
Q

Differences between Genu varum and genu valgum?

A

Genu varum- bow leg
Genu Valgum- KD shot, knocked knee

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20
Q

ACL Function?

A

Attaches to the posterior part of the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur extending to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia

Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia and hyperextension of the knee

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21
Q

PCL Function?

A

Attaches to the posterior part of the lateral side of the medial condyle of the femur to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia

Prevents anterior displacement of femur on tibia or posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur and helps prevent hyperflexion of the knee joint

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22
Q

Medial Mensicus? Lateral meniscus?

A

C shaped and less mobile, more commonly injured

Circular, smaler, and more freely moveable than medial menisucus

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23
Q

What is the unhappy triad?

A

a ligament sprain injury involving the MCL, ACL, and medial meniscus

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24
Q

Lateral Collateral Ligament Location and function?

A

Extends from the lateral epicondyle to the lateral surface of the fibular head

Resists varus stress and tibial external rotation

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25
Q

Medial Collateral Ligament Location and function?

A

Extends from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle and the superior part of the medial surface of the tibia

Valgus stress

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26
Q

Where is the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints?

A

Fibular head and Lateral mallelous on fibular notch

Responsible for IR and ER of the lower leg
Talocrural DF/PF

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27
Q

Name the 3 5th metatarsal injuries?

A

Avulsion fracture at base of 5th metatarsal
Jones fracture
Stress fracture

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28
Q

What is the most commonly injured ligament in the lateral ankle? 2nd most commonly injured?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament

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29
Q

Differences between high ankle sprain and lateral ankle sprain?

A

Inversion and involves the anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament

DF with lower leg external rotation and involves the tibiofibular syndesmosis and anterior tibiofibular ligament

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30
Q

What are the Ottawa ankle and Foot fracture rules?

A

A: Posterior edge of lateral malleolus
B: Posterior edge of medial malleolus
C: Base of 5th metatarsal
D: Navicular

Ankle X ray if pain in malleolar zone, tenderness at A and/or B, and inability to bear weight

Foot X Ray if pain in midfoot zone, tenderness at C and/ or D and inability to bear weight

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31
Q

What comprises the tarsal tunnel (medial malleolus)?

A

Tom DIck and Very Nervous harry

T: Tibalis Posterior
D: Flexor Digitorum Longus
A: Tibial Artery
V: Tibial Vein
N: Tibial Nerve
H: Flexor Hallucis Longus

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32
Q

What position is the great toe?

A

Adduction

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33
Q

What is a bunion?

A

1st ray is out of alignment
Hallux valgus
reduces medial longitudinal arch

34
Q

What keeps the TOM DICK AND VERY NERVOUS HARRY in place?

A

Flexor retinaculum

35
Q

What can also be injured in a lateral ankle sprain?

A

Fibular retinaculum
Superior fibular retinaculum
Inferior fibular retinaculum

36
Q

What muscles/ ligaments make up the dynamic support/ passive support of the medial longitundal arch?

A

Dynamic:
Tib ant, tip post, flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus, plantar intrinsic muscles

Passive support:
Plantar aponeurosis, long plantar ligament, short plantar ligament, plantar calcaneclavicular

37
Q

What is in both the medial and lateral longitudnal arches?

A

Calcaneus

38
Q

What muscles/ ligaments make up the lateral longitudnal arch?

A

Fibularis Longus, Flexor Digitorum Longus

39
Q

What muscles and ligaments make up the transverse arch?

A
40
Q

Artery network starting at the popliteal artery?

A

Popliteal artery at Adductor hiatus, Posterior tibial artery at soleal line, Anterior tibial artery branches off (Dorsalis pedis pulse), fibular artery branches off PTA too, posterior tibial artery goes through tarsal tunnel

41
Q

Arterial supply on the dorsal surface?

A

Anterior tibial artery becomes dorsalis pedis artery, Lateral tarsal artery branches off ATA, Arcuate artery

42
Q

Arterial supply on plantar surface?

A

Posterior tibial artery goes to lateral plantar artery, medial plantar artery branches off PTA, Plantar Arch

43
Q

Muscles of the foot- first layer?

A

ABductor digiti minimi, Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor hallucis

44
Q

Muscles of the foot- second layer?

A

Quadratus plantae, lumbricals

45
Q

Muscles of the foot- third layer?

A

Flexor digiti minimi, Adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis

46
Q

Muscles of the foot- fourth layer?

A

Pad, Dab
plantar interossei, dorsal interossei

47
Q
A
48
Q

The ____ divides the greater sciatic foramen into superior and inferior

A

Piriformis

49
Q

Sciatica caused by____

A

Spondylosis and Spondylolisthesis

50
Q

What is piriformis syndrome?

A

Part of sciatic nerve can pierce piriformis or piriformis can become chronically tight —- muscle contraction compresses nerve

51
Q

Lateral femoral nerve entrapment (meralgia paresthetica)

A

Inguinal ligament - 2cm inf
Causes: tight clothing, obesity, trauma, pregnancy, diabetes

52
Q

Where can the femoral nerve be trapped?

A

Beneath iliopsoas tendon
Inguinal ligament
Femoral triangle
Adductor canal

53
Q

Obturator nerve entrapment? Caused by? Symptoms?

A

Injury to the nerve as it passes through the obturator canal
Caused by anterior dislocation of hip and prostrate surgery
Difficulty adducting thigh and decreased sensation over medial thigh

54
Q

Superior gluteal nerve entrapment cause? Presents as?

A

Piriformis muscle compression
Achy type butt pain
Waddling gait
Tender to palpating

55
Q

Common fibular nerve injury? Symptoms?

A

Most common nerve injured in the lower limb
Flaccid paralysis of all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of leg
The loss of dorsiflexion and inversion causes foot drop

56
Q

Deep fibular nerve entrapment (ski boot syndrome)? Cause? Where does pain occur?

A

Excessive use of muscles supplied by the deep fibular nerve may result in muscle injury and edema in the anterior compartment
Pain occurs in the disruption of the foot and usually radiates to the web space of the 1st and 2nd toes

57
Q

Superficial fibular nerve entrapment? Cause? Pain where?

A

Chronic ankle sprains may produce recurrent stretching of the superficial fibular nerve
Pain along the lateral side of the leg and the dorsum of the ankle and foot

58
Q

Pudendal nerve entrapment? Found where?

A

Perineal pain while sitting
Travels over the sascrospimous ligament and through the pidendal canal formed by the obturator fascia and ST ligament, emerging inferior to pubic bone
To innervate perineum and genitalia

59
Q

What is a popliteal cyst? Aka as?

A

Fluid filled growth behind the knee, common in children

Baker cyst

60
Q

Tibial nerve at tarsal tunnel entrapment? Symptoms?

A

Posterior to medial mallelous, deep to the flexor retinaculum

Edema, synovial sheath tightness, heel pain

61
Q

Sural nerve entrapment sites?

A

Fibrous arcade at lower lateral leg
Baker cyst
Gastric strains
Fx of 5th metatarsal

62
Q

Tarsal tunnel syndrome? Can also cause problems where?

A

When the tibial nerve is compressed in the tarsal tunnel

Double crush causes back problems

63
Q

What makes up the transverse tarsal joint? What is it’s other name?

A

Chopart joint

Calcaneocuboid joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint

64
Q

What makes up the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

A

Plantar Calcaneonavicular (Sprint ligament)
Plantar Calcaneocuboid (short plantar ligament)
Long plantar ligament

65
Q

What is LisFranc Injury?

A

Injury to Lisfranc ligament, dislocation
Fracture of Metatarsal
Medial cuneiform to 2nd metatarsal ligament
Foot twisting

66
Q

What is medial plantar nerve entrapment (Baxter’s neuropathy)? May occur when?
Also called?

A

Compressive irritation as it passes deep to the flexor retinaculum or curves deep to the abductor hallucis, in navicular tuberosity region

May occur during repetitive eversion of the foot

Jogger’s foot

67
Q

Which joints participate in pronation of the foot?

What are its three movements?

A

Talocrural joint
Subtalar joint
Trantarsal joints
Tarsometatarsal

Ankle DF, hindfoot eversion, forefootabduction

68
Q

Which joints participate in supination?

What are its three movements?

A

Talocrural joint
Subtalar joint
Trantarsal joints
Tarsometatarsal

Ankle PF, hindfoot inversion, forefoot adduction

69
Q

What is a chopart injury?

A

dislocation of the midtarsal joints of the foot, often with associated fractures of the calcaneus, cuboid, and navicular bone and transverse tarsal joint

70
Q

What is Charcot Marie tooth?

A

neurological disorder
high arch pes cavus or low arch pes planus
claw toes

71
Q

What is mallet toe? What are some causes?

A

Flexion of the distal phalanx of the long toe
causes: bad fitting shoes, arthritis, trauma, neuromuscular and metabolic disease

72
Q

What is hammer toe?
Which muscles are weak which would allow this?

A

Proximal phalanx hyperextended at MTP, middle phalanx flexed at PIP, DIP hyperextended

Lumbricals, PADs, and DABs

73
Q

What is claw toe? Which toes?

A

Hyperextended at the MTP
Flexion of the DIP

Lateral 4 toes

74
Q

What is Morton’s toe?

A

2nd toe extends more distal than the other digits

75
Q

What is Morton’s neuroma?

A

inflammation nerve pain between 3rd and 4th toes

76
Q

What are the anatomical borders/ surface borders of the urogenital triangle/ anal triangle?

A

Anterior border: pubic symphysis
Lateral border: ischiopubic rami and ST ligament
Inferior border: tip of coccyx

Anterior border: mons pubis
Lateral border: medial surface of thigh
Inferior border: intergluteal cleft

77
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the perineum?

A

Bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscle

78
Q

What is the false pelvis vs true pelvis?

A

False pelvis (greater pelvis) are the bones
True pelvis (lesser pelvis) is the inlet

79
Q

Differences between male and female pelvis?

A

males is heavier with more attachment sites
sacral promontory more prominent
ischial spines more medial
heart shaped(males) vs oval shaped(females)
angle of pubic arch more narrow

80
Q

5 S’s of Pelvic Floor Function

A

Support, Sphinteric, Sexual, Stability, Sump and Pump

human gross anatomy (8 decks)

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