test 1 Flashcards
Name me all the muscles that attach to the nuchal ligament
Trapezius, Rhomboid Minor, Splenius Capitis, Spinalis Capitis
What muscles do UPWARD ROTATION of the scapula?
Upper and Lower Trapezius, Serratus Anterior
What muscles do DOWNWARD ROTATION of the scapula?
Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major/ Minor
Name the parts of the Suboccipital Triangle
Superomedial boundary- Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Superolateral boundary- Oblique Capitis Superior
Inferolateral boundary- Oblique Capitis Inferior
Floor- Posterior OA membrane and posterior arch of vertebra C1
Roof- Semispinalis Capitis
Contents- Vertebral Artery and Suboccipital nerve (C1)
C1 Atlas
Nods Head
Connected by the OA joint
Be able to name what the Cruciate ligament and the Alar ligament is
Cruciate ligament- superior longitudinal band, inferior longitudinal band, transverse ligament of atlas
C2 Axis
Shakes head
Contains the Odontoid Process or Dens- pivot for the heads rotation
AA Joint
Which vertebrae does not have a bifid process?
C7
Name the differences between the vertebrae in terms of their facets
Cervical- face at a 45 degree angle upwards, contains transverse foramen
Thoracic- face backwards (frontal plane), spinous process is longer, contains the costal facets which is where the rib articulates with the spine
Lumbar- face inwards, large vertebral body
Name the parts of the Intervertebral Discs (include ligaments of the spine)
Anulus Fibrosus, Nucleus pulposus
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
A broken back is a fracture at the where? What are the three conditions?
Pars Interarticularis
Spondylosis- degeneration
Spondylolysis- fracture without separation
Spondylolisthesis- fracture with separation
What are myotomes?
the muscles supplied by an individual spinal nerve
For ex. Shoulder flexion C5
Elbow flexion C6
Wrist Flexion C7
Finger Flexion C8
Finger Abduction T1
What are dermatomes?
Areas of skin supplied by an individual spinal nerve
At what spinal levels does the spinal cord end (also called what)?
L1 and L2 which is where it becomes the Cauda Equina or Horse Tail
Called the conus medullaris
At what spinal level does the spinal dural sac (thecal sac) end?
S2
What is the filum terminale?
Fibrous extension of the spinal cord from the Conus medullaris connecting it to the coccyx
What are the different spinal meninges from superficial to deep?
Epidural space
Dura Mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid Mater
Subarachnoid space (CSF)
Pia Mater
What is the ligamentum flavum?
A series of ligaments that connects the ventral parts of the lamina to adjacent vertebrae
What movements does the PLL and ALL prevent?
PLL prevents hyperflexion
ALL prevents hyperextension
What movement does the nuchal ligament prevent?
hyperflexion of the neck
What does the Supraspinous and Interspinous ligaments connect? What movement does it resist?
Spinous Processes, hyperflexion of vertebral column
What are the muscles of the suprahyoids?
mylohyoids
digastric
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
What are the muscles of the infrahyoids?
Thyrohyoids
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
What are the boundaries of the Anterior cervical triangle?
Anterior- middle line of the neck
Posterior- the anterior border of the SCM
Superior- boundary formed by the inferior border of the mandible
What are the triangles in the anterior cervical triangle?
Submandibular triangle
submental triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
Superior- belly of the omohyoid
Posterior- belly of digastric
Anterior- belly of SCM
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
-Common carotid artery- carotid sinus (baroreceptor) and carotid body (chemoreceptor)
- Internal jugular vein
What are the borders of the lateral cervical triangle?
Anterior- posterior border of the SCM
Posterior- anterior border of the traps
Inferior- middle 3rd of the clavicle
What are the two triangles in the lateral cervical triangle?
Occipital triangle
Omoclavicular triangle
What are the arteries of the lateral triangle?
Subclavian artery
What are the nerves in the neck?
Spinal accessory nerve
suprascapular nerve
phrenic nerve
brachial plexus
What are the nerves in the root of the neck?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
phrenic nerve
vagus nerve (CN X)
What are the nerves in the cervical plexus?
C1-C5
Ansa Cervicalis
What are the differences between the male and female pelvis?
Male- heavier with more prominent attachment sites
sacral more prominent
ischial spines more medial
heart shaped (male) vs oval shaped (female)
angle of pubic arch more narrow
What are the layer 1 perineal muscles?
- Ischiovavernosus
- bulbocavernosus
- superficial transverse perineal
What are the layer 2 urogenital muscles?
- external urethral sphincter
- deep transverse perineal
- Females- compressor urethrae
sphincter urethrovaginal
What are the layer 3 obturator internus and piriformis muscles?
- Levator Ani
- coccygeus
- obturator internus
- piriformis
What are the 5 pelvic floor functions (5 S’s)
Support, sphincteric, sexual, stability, sump-pump
What are the Spinal Levels for the Superior, Root of Spine and Inferior Angle of Spine?
Superior- T2
Root of Spine- T3
Inferior- T7
What ribs are True, False, and Floating?
True Ribs- 1- 7
False Ribs- 8-12
Floating Ribs- 11 and 12
What is the thoracic vertebrae rule of 3s?
T1-3- the same SP at same level at TP
T4-6- SPs 1/2 level below of TP
T7-9- SPs are full level of TP
T10-12- the SPs are in the same level
What are the 4 most important breathing muscles?
Intercostals
Serratus Posterior
Transverse thoracis
Diaphragm
What are the functions of the serratus posterior superior and inferior?
Superior- SP from C7 to T3
Elevates ribs with inhalation
Inferior- T12 to L3
depresses ribs with exhalation
What are some accessory respiratory muscles?
Pec major and minor
Rectus Abdominis, external and internal oblique, transverse abdominis
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
What are the trunk dermatomes?
T2- axillary
T4- nipple
T6- xiphoid process
T10- umbilicus
What is the diaphragm?
main muscle of inspiration
flattens when contracts
connects to the psoas muscle and QL
OINA for the diaphragm?
A: increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration
O: Costal attachment: inner surface of lower 6 ribs
Lumbar attachment: 2 or 3 lumbar vertebrae
Sternal attachment: inner part of xiphoid process
I: central tendon
N: Phrenic Nerve (C3, C4, C5)
What are the structures that pass through the diaphragm?
Inferior Vena Cava at T8
Esophagus and Vagus Nerve T10
Aorta and Thoracic duct T12
What are the 3 major bones of the pelvis?
pubis, ischium, and ilium
Purpose of QL
Lifting, walking
Action of QL
Unilaterally:
Laterally tilt/ hike/ elevate the pelvis
Laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side
Extend the vertebral column
Bilaterally:
fix the last rib during forced inspiration
SA of QL
12th ribs and tips of lumbar transverse processes
IA of QL
Iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest
N of QL
Ventral branches of T12, L1 to L4
P of Psoas Major
hiking and ascending stairs
MA of Psoas Major
Acting Inferiorly with iliacus, flexes the hip
Acting superiorly, flexes the vertebral column laterally
Balances the trunk
Flexes the Trunk while sitting
SA of Psoas Major
TP of T12 to L5, sides of Lumbar bodies and discs
IA of Psoas Major
Lesser Trochanter
N of Psoas Major
Ventral rami of L1, L2, L3
P of Iliacus
Climbing a ladder, cycling
MA of Iliacus
flexes thigh and stabilizes hip joint; acts with psoas major
SA of Iliacus
Iliac fossa, sacrum, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments
IA of Iliacus
Lesser trochanter and psoas tendon
N of Iliacus
Femoral L2 to L4
Action and Muscle Fiber Direction of Rectus Abdominis
Flex the vertebral column
Tilt pelvis posteriorly
Fibers run up and down
Action and Muscle Fiber Direction of External Oblique
Unilaterally:
- Contralateral Rotation of vertebral column
- Ipsilateral Lateral Flexion of vertebral column
Bilaterally:
Flex the vertebral column
Action and muscle Fiber Direction of Internal Oblique
Unilaterally:
- Lateral flexion VC to the same side
- Rotation of VC to the same side
Bilaterally:
- flex the vertebral column
- compress abdominal contents
Action and muscle fiber direction of the transverse abdominis
Action:
compresses and supports abdominal viscera]
antagonist of diaphragm with expiration
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen and what do they contain?
- Right Upper Quadrant- liver, gallbladder, duodenum of the intestines, a small portion of the pancreas, kidneys
- Left Upper Quadrant- stomach, spleen, pancreas, kidneys
- Left Lower Quadrant- Rectum, colon, bladder
- Right Lower Quadrant- large intestine, small intestine, appendix, reproductive organs
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
R/L Hypochondriac
R/L Lumbar
R/L Iliac
Epigastic
Umbilical
Hypogastric
What are the different types of Spina Bofida?
Spina bofida occulta- defect in the vertebral arch of L5 or S1, small gap in the spine but “hidden” by layer of skin
Meningocele- sac of fluid comes through the spinal cord
