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human gross anatomy > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name me all the muscles that attach to the nuchal ligament

A

Trapezius, Rhomboid Minor, Splenius Capitis, Spinalis Capitis

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2
Q

What muscles do UPWARD ROTATION of the scapula?

A

Upper and Lower Trapezius, Serratus Anterior

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3
Q

What muscles do DOWNWARD ROTATION of the scapula?

A

Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major/ Minor

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4
Q

Name the parts of the Suboccipital Triangle

A

Superomedial boundary- Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Superolateral boundary- Oblique Capitis Superior
Inferolateral boundary- Oblique Capitis Inferior
Floor- Posterior OA membrane and posterior arch of vertebra C1
Roof- Semispinalis Capitis
Contents- Vertebral Artery and Suboccipital nerve (C1)

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5
Q

C1 Atlas

A

Nods Head
Connected by the OA joint

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6
Q

Be able to name what the Cruciate ligament and the Alar ligament is

A

Cruciate ligament- superior longitudinal band, inferior longitudinal band, transverse ligament of atlas

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7
Q

C2 Axis

A

Shakes head
Contains the Odontoid Process or Dens- pivot for the heads rotation
AA Joint

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8
Q

Which vertebrae does not have a bifid process?

A

C7

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9
Q

Name the differences between the vertebrae in terms of their facets

A

Cervical- face at a 45 degree angle upwards, contains transverse foramen
Thoracic- face backwards (frontal plane), spinous process is longer, contains the costal facets which is where the rib articulates with the spine
Lumbar- face inwards, large vertebral body

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10
Q

Name the parts of the Intervertebral Discs (include ligaments of the spine)

A

Anulus Fibrosus, Nucleus pulposus

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

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11
Q

A broken back is a fracture at the where? What are the three conditions?

A

Pars Interarticularis

Spondylosis- degeneration

Spondylolysis- fracture without separation

Spondylolisthesis- fracture with separation

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12
Q

What are myotomes?

A

the muscles supplied by an individual spinal nerve

For ex. Shoulder flexion C5
Elbow flexion C6
Wrist Flexion C7
Finger Flexion C8
Finger Abduction T1

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13
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Areas of skin supplied by an individual spinal nerve

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14
Q

At what spinal levels does the spinal cord end (also called what)?

A

L1 and L2 which is where it becomes the Cauda Equina or Horse Tail
Called the conus medullaris

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15
Q

At what spinal level does the spinal dural sac (thecal sac) end?

A

S2

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16
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Fibrous extension of the spinal cord from the Conus medullaris connecting it to the coccyx

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17
Q

What are the different spinal meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Epidural space
Dura Mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid Mater
Subarachnoid space (CSF)
Pia Mater

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18
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum?

A

A series of ligaments that connects the ventral parts of the lamina to adjacent vertebrae

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19
Q

What movements does the PLL and ALL prevent?

A

PLL prevents hyperflexion
ALL prevents hyperextension

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20
Q

What movement does the nuchal ligament prevent?

A

hyperflexion of the neck

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20
Q

What does the Supraspinous and Interspinous ligaments connect? What movement does it resist?

A

Spinous Processes, hyperflexion of vertebral column

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20
Q

What are the muscles of the suprahyoids?

A

mylohyoids
digastric
stylohyoid
geniohyoid

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21
Q

What are the muscles of the infrahyoids?

A

Thyrohyoids
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

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21
Q

What are the boundaries of the Anterior cervical triangle?

A

Anterior- middle line of the neck
Posterior- the anterior border of the SCM
Superior- boundary formed by the inferior border of the mandible

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22
Q

What are the triangles in the anterior cervical triangle?

A

Submandibular triangle
submental triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle

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23
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior- belly of the omohyoid
Posterior- belly of digastric
Anterior- belly of SCM

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24
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

-Common carotid artery- carotid sinus (baroreceptor) and carotid body (chemoreceptor)
- Internal jugular vein

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25
Q

What are the borders of the lateral cervical triangle?

A

Anterior- posterior border of the SCM
Posterior- anterior border of the traps
Inferior- middle 3rd of the clavicle

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26
Q

What are the two triangles in the lateral cervical triangle?

A

Occipital triangle
Omoclavicular triangle

27
Q

What are the arteries of the lateral triangle?

A

Subclavian artery

28
Q

What are the nerves in the neck?

A

Spinal accessory nerve
suprascapular nerve
phrenic nerve
brachial plexus

29
Q

What are the nerves in the root of the neck?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve
phrenic nerve
vagus nerve (CN X)

30
Q

What are the nerves in the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C5
Ansa Cervicalis

31
Q

What are the differences between the male and female pelvis?

A

Male- heavier with more prominent attachment sites
sacral more prominent
ischial spines more medial
heart shaped (male) vs oval shaped (female)
angle of pubic arch more narrow

32
Q

What are the layer 1 perineal muscles?

A
  1. Ischiovavernosus
  2. bulbocavernosus
  3. superficial transverse perineal
33
Q

What are the layer 2 urogenital muscles?

A
  1. external urethral sphincter
  2. deep transverse perineal
  3. Females- compressor urethrae
    sphincter urethrovaginal
34
Q

What are the layer 3 obturator internus and piriformis muscles?

A
  1. Levator Ani
  2. coccygeus
  3. obturator internus
  4. piriformis
35
Q

What are the 5 pelvic floor functions (5 S’s)

A

Support, sphincteric, sexual, stability, sump-pump

36
Q

What are the Spinal Levels for the Superior, Root of Spine and Inferior Angle of Spine?

A

Superior- T2
Root of Spine- T3
Inferior- T7

37
Q

What ribs are True, False, and Floating?

A

True Ribs- 1- 7
False Ribs- 8-12
Floating Ribs- 11 and 12

38
Q

What is the thoracic vertebrae rule of 3s?

A

T1-3- the same SP at same level at TP
T4-6- SPs 1/2 level below of TP
T7-9- SPs are full level of TP
T10-12- the SPs are in the same level

39
Q

What are the 4 most important breathing muscles?

A

Intercostals
Serratus Posterior
Transverse thoracis
Diaphragm

40
Q

What are the functions of the serratus posterior superior and inferior?

A

Superior- SP from C7 to T3
Elevates ribs with inhalation

Inferior- T12 to L3
depresses ribs with exhalation

41
Q

What are some accessory respiratory muscles?

A

Pec major and minor
Rectus Abdominis, external and internal oblique, transverse abdominis
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes

42
Q

What are the trunk dermatomes?

A

T2- axillary
T4- nipple
T6- xiphoid process
T10- umbilicus

43
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

main muscle of inspiration
flattens when contracts
connects to the psoas muscle and QL

44
Q

OINA for the diaphragm?

A

A: increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration
O: Costal attachment: inner surface of lower 6 ribs
Lumbar attachment: 2 or 3 lumbar vertebrae
Sternal attachment: inner part of xiphoid process
I: central tendon
N: Phrenic Nerve (C3, C4, C5)

45
Q

What are the structures that pass through the diaphragm?

A

Inferior Vena Cava at T8
Esophagus and Vagus Nerve T10
Aorta and Thoracic duct T12

46
Q

What are the 3 major bones of the pelvis?

A

pubis, ischium, and ilium

47
Q

Purpose of QL

A

Lifting, walking

48
Q

Action of QL

A

Unilaterally:
Laterally tilt/ hike/ elevate the pelvis
Laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side
Extend the vertebral column

Bilaterally:
fix the last rib during forced inspiration

49
Q

SA of QL

A

12th ribs and tips of lumbar transverse processes

50
Q

IA of QL

A

Iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest

51
Q

N of QL

A

Ventral branches of T12, L1 to L4

52
Q

P of Psoas Major

A

hiking and ascending stairs

53
Q

MA of Psoas Major

A

Acting Inferiorly with iliacus, flexes the hip
Acting superiorly, flexes the vertebral column laterally
Balances the trunk
Flexes the Trunk while sitting

54
Q

SA of Psoas Major

A

TP of T12 to L5, sides of Lumbar bodies and discs

55
Q

IA of Psoas Major

A

Lesser Trochanter

56
Q

N of Psoas Major

A

Ventral rami of L1, L2, L3

57
Q

P of Iliacus

A

Climbing a ladder, cycling

58
Q

MA of Iliacus

A

flexes thigh and stabilizes hip joint; acts with psoas major

59
Q

SA of Iliacus

A

Iliac fossa, sacrum, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments

60
Q

IA of Iliacus

A

Lesser trochanter and psoas tendon

61
Q

N of Iliacus

A

Femoral L2 to L4

62
Q

Action and Muscle Fiber Direction of Rectus Abdominis

A

Flex the vertebral column
Tilt pelvis posteriorly

Fibers run up and down

63
Q

Action and Muscle Fiber Direction of External Oblique

A

Unilaterally:
- Contralateral Rotation of vertebral column
- Ipsilateral Lateral Flexion of vertebral column

Bilaterally:
Flex the vertebral column

64
Q

Action and muscle Fiber Direction of Internal Oblique

A

Unilaterally:
- Lateral flexion VC to the same side
- Rotation of VC to the same side

Bilaterally:
- flex the vertebral column
- compress abdominal contents

65
Q

Action and muscle fiber direction of the transverse abdominis

A

Action:
compresses and supports abdominal viscera]
antagonist of diaphragm with expiration

66
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen and what do they contain?

A
  1. Right Upper Quadrant- liver, gallbladder, duodenum of the intestines, a small portion of the pancreas, kidneys
  2. Left Upper Quadrant- stomach, spleen, pancreas, kidneys
  3. Left Lower Quadrant- Rectum, colon, bladder
  4. Right Lower Quadrant- large intestine, small intestine, appendix, reproductive organs
67
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

R/L Hypochondriac
R/L Lumbar
R/L Iliac
Epigastic
Umbilical
Hypogastric

68
Q

What are the different types of Spina Bofida?

A

Spina bofida occulta- defect in the vertebral arch of L5 or S1, small gap in the spine but “hidden” by layer of skin
Meningocele- sac of fluid comes through the spinal cord

human gross anatomy (8 decks)

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