final exam Flashcards
Structures derived in endoderm
Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts
Lining of urethra, bladder, and reproductive system
Liver and pancreas
Structures derived in mesoderm
Notochord
Musculoskeletal system
Muscular layer of stomach intestines
Circulatory system
Structures derived in ectoderm?
Epidermis of skin
Cornea and lens of eye
Nervous system
Difference between spins bofida occulta vs. cystica
Occulta- defect in vertebral arch of L5 or S1
Cystica- large outpouching of the meninges
Upper body Crossed syndrome
Tight and short upper traps and levator and tight pectorals
Weak and long neck flexors and weak rhomboids low and mid traps and SA
Lower body crossed syndrome
Tight erectors/QL, tight hip flexors
Weak abdominals, weak glutes
What is the Atlanto occipital joint and what movement?
Connects to C1 and nods head
What is the atlanto axial joint and what movement?
Connects to C2 and Shakes head
Alar ligament resists what motion?
Cruciform ligament resists what motion?
Alar ligament checks excessive rotation
Cruciform ligament checks anterior displacement of the atlas over axis
What is pars interticularis?
Broken back
Spondylosis- degeneration
Spondylolysis- wo sep
Spondylolisthesis- w sep
The Posterior longitudnal ligament resists?
Hyper flexion
The anterior longitudnal ligament resists
Hyper extension
Facet joint direction of Cervical. Thoracic, and lumbar
Cervical- 45 degrees
Thoracic- frontal
Lumbar- facing inwards
Name 3 muscles that upwardly rotate the scap
Upper trap, lower trap and SA
Spinal Meninges from superficial to deep
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space where CSF fluid is
Pia mater
What are the two layers of the IV disc?
Nuclear purposes
Annular fibrosis
Muscles of the Erector Spinae and their main actions
Iliocostalis Cervicis, Thoracis, and lumborum
Longissimus thoracis and capitis
Spinalis thoracic and cervicis
Chief extensors of vertebral column and unilateral side flexion
3 muscles that make up deep,layer of back 9how many spinal levels do they span)? And what is their MA?
Rotatores (1-2 levels)
Multifidus (2-4 levels)
Semi spinal is (4-6 levels)
Unilateral rotation
OINA Sternocleidomastoid
MA: uni- ipsilateral flexion and contralateral rotation
Bi- extends neck, flexes neck
O- mastoid process and superior unchallenged line
I- Sternal head- manubrium kf sternum
Clavicular head- medial 1/3 of clavicle
Nerve- spinal accessory nerve (11) and C3 and C4
What are the contents of the carotid trinagle?
Carotid sinus and body
CCA and internal jugular vein
OINA for QL
Unilaterally- hip hike pelvis, flex back to same side, extend back
bilaterally- fix last rib during forced inspiration
O: 12th rib and tips of lumbar TP
I: iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest
N: ventral branches of T12, L1-L4
What is a synovial joint?
- contains articular cartilage
-has articular capsule
-has fluid filled joint cavity
-distal ends of two bines articular
Suprascapular nerve entrapmement
Thickening of the superior transverse scapular ligament adding pressure to the suprascapular nerve and not the artery–> atrophy of muscle
Order of RCT?
SITS
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and subscapularis
What are the lumbosacral plexus big 5?
Pudendal Nerve?
Iliohypogastric?
Ilioinguinal?
Genitofermoal?
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?
Obturator nerve- L2, L3, L4
Femoral nerve- L2, L3, L4
Sciatic Nerve- L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
Inferior Gluteal nerve- L5, S1, S2
Superior Gluteal nerve- L4, L5, S1
Pudendal nerve- S2, S3, S4
L1
L1
L1-L2
L2-L3
S1-S3
How many annular pulleys/ cruciate pulleys?
Which are for bowstringing and trigger finger?
5 and 4
Bow- A2 and A4
Trig- A1
Aspects of Suboccipital triangle?
Superomedial-rectus capitis posteior major
Superolateral- oblique capitis superior
Inferolateral- oblique capitis inferior
Contents- vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve
Contents of the quadrangular space?
Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein
Contents of the triangular space?
circumflex scapular artery and vein
Contents of the triangular interval?
Profunda brachii artery and radial nerve
Borders of the cubital fossa and contents?
Line between lateral and medial epidondyle
Medial border of pronator teres and lateral border of brachioradialis
Medial to lateral, NAT,
Median nerve, brachial artery, Biceps tendon
Borders of the femoral triangle and contents?
Inguinal ligament, adductor longus, and sartorius
Floor: pectineus and iliopsoas
Contents: medial to lateral femoral vein, artery, and nerve
Contents of the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery, vein and sciatic nerve into tibial and common fibular nerve
Contents of the tarsal tunnel?
Tom Dick and Very Nervous Harry
Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum longus, Tibial artery, tibial vein, tibial nerve, Flexor Hallucis longus
Knee joint screw home mechanism
Closed chain: lock and straighten knee, knee locks by medially rotating the femur on fixed tibia to allow quads to extend knee
Unlocks knee, popliteus contracts laterally rotating the femur on fixed tibia so hams
Open chain: lock and straighten knee, knee locks by laterally rotating the tibia on fixed femur to allow quads
unlock knee, popliteus contracts, medially rotating the tibia on fixed femur so hams
Explain Scapulohumeral rhythm
Early phase: 30 degrees of GHJ
Mid phase: 1:1 of GHJ to ST
Late Phase: 2-3:1 of GHJ to ST
120 degrees of GHJ and 60 degrees of ST
Falling on elbow vs falling on shoulder?
Elbow- dislocation of AC joint without ligament rupture
Shoulder- dislocation of AC joint and rupture of coracoclavicular ligament
Monteggia vs Galleazi?
Monteggia- ulnar fracture with radial head dislocation
Galleazzi- radial fracture with distal radioulnar joint dislocation
What joints of the elbow does flexion and extension? Supination and pronation?
Flex and extend- humeroulnar and humeroradial
Supination and pronation- proximal radioulnar
What are the Ottawa ankle and foot fracture rules?
A- lateral malleolus
B- medial malleolus
C- base of 5th metatarsal
D- navicular
Ankle x ray if pain in malleolar zone and tenderness in A and B
foot x ray if pain in mid foot and tenderness in C and D
What are the 3 ligaments that make up the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
Spring- plantar calcaneonavicular
Short plantar ligament- plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
Long plantar ligament
What makes up the dynamic/passive support of the medial longitudinal arch?
Dynamic: Tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior. flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus, intrinsic plantar muscles
Passive: plantar aponeurosis, short and long plantar ligaments, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Contents and borders of guyons canal?
Pisiform and hook of hamate and ulnar artery and nerve
Hand of Benediction
Extension of digits 1-3 when making a fist, median nerve
Wrist drop
Inability to extend radial nerve
Claw hand
Ulnar nerve
What are in each dorsal compartment? Syndrome in Compartment 1 and 2
1- EPB APL (DeQuervain’s syndrome)
2- ECRB, ECRL (Tennis elbow)
3- EPL
4- ED, EI
5- EDM
6- ECU
Myotomes in Upper body?
C5- shoulder flexion, abduction, lateral rotation
C6- elbow flexion, medial rotation, adduction, supination
C7- Wrist flexion, Elbow extension
C8- Digital flexion, pronation
T1- Digit abduction and adduction
Myotomes in lower body?
L2- hip flexion
L3- knee extension, hip adduction
L4- dorsiflexion, inversion
L5- Toe extension, hip lateral rotation, hip abduction
S1- Plantar flexion, hip medial rotation, eversion
S2- hip extension, knee flexion, toe flexion
