heart & lungs

Question 1

Where is the sternal angle located?

Answer 1

T4/T5 disc

Question 1

What are the structures that pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 1

Inferior vena cava at T8

Esophagus and vagus nerve at T10

Aorta and thoracic duct at T12

“I ate 10 eggs at 12”

Question 2

What is the action of the external intercostals?

Answer 2

Draws ribs superiorly increasing the space of thoracic cavity

Question 3

What is the action of the internal intercostals/innermost intercostals?

Answer 3

Draws ribs inferiorly decreasing the space of the thoracic cavity
Assists the internal intercostals

Question 4

What is the action of the serratus posterior and inferior?

Answer 4

Superior- elevates ribs with inhalation
Inferior- depresses ribs with exhalation

Question 5

What is the action of the transversus thoracis?

Answer 5

Depresses costal cartilages

Question 6

What is the action of the levator costarum? and where is it located?

Answer 6

Lateral to TP
Elevate ribs, assisting respiration

Question 7

What are the actions and nerve innervation of the Serratus anterior?

Answer 7

Protracts the scapula
Upwardly rotates the scapula
Holds scapula against thoracic wall

Long thoracic nerve (C5,C6,C7)

Question 8

What is the parent structure of the internal thoracic arteries?

Answer 8

Subclavian artery

Question 9

Dermatomes at T2, T4, T6, T10

Answer 9

T2- axilla
T4- nipples
T6- xiphoid process
T10- belly button

Question 10

How many fissures does the right lung have?
How many fissures does the left lung have?

Answer 10

2 fissures the oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
1 fissure, oblique fissure

Question 11

At what spinal level does the trachea split?

Answer 11

T4/T5

Question 12

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 12

Collapsed lung, negative air pressure into lungs causes it to collapse

Question 13

What are the 2 most common COPD Dx?

Answer 13

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 14

Mediastinum sternal angle at what spinal level?

Answer 14

C4/C5

Question 15

The start of systole/ disatole is what sound?

Answer 15

Lub and dub

Question 16

Right coronary artery vs Left coronary artery?

Answer 16

RCA: originates from the right aortic sinus of the ascending aorta between right atrium and ventricle
Branches: SA nodal branch and R marginal branch

LCA: circumflex branch, L marginal branch and Anterior interventricular (LAD)
Nickname: Widow maker

Question 17

Diastole and Systole in terms of the valves?

Answer 17

1. beginning of diastole upon closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
2. opening of AV valves during early moments of diastole
3. atrial contraction during final moments of diastole
4. Closure of Av valves very soon after systole
5. Opening of aortic and pulmonary valves during systole

Question 18

The right atrium contains the?

Answer 18

SA node the pacemaker of the heart and Av node

Question 19

What are the borders of the heart?

Answer 19

Superior border: Formed by two atria, L costal cartilage between 2nd and 3rd rib, Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk emerge here and SVC enters on right side
Right border: Formed by right atrium, R third costal cartilage at sternum
Inferior border: formed by the RV, 6th costal cartilage
Left border: Formed by L ventricle, 5th intercostal space at L midclavicular line

Question 20

Right vagus nerves travels with?
Left vagus nerve travels with?

Answer 20

Right- trachea then with esophagus
Left- travels on aortic arch then behind pulmonary vessels

Question 21

The diaphragm is innervated by what nerve? The diaphragm refers pain to?

Answer 21

Phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5), Shoulder and 1/2 of diaphragm sends to L and R

Question 22

R phrenic nerve travels with?
L phrenic nerve travels with?

Answer 22

Right, travels along with SVC and IVC
Left, travels over the peridcardium