test 1 Flashcards
The first 2 weeks of gestation is called…
Pre-Embryonic Stage
Weeks 3-8 of gestation is called…
Embryo
Week 9 until birth of gestation is called…
Fetus “all organ systems are structured but not fully developed”
What are the 8 stages of fertilization?
- Unfertilized Oocyte
- Fertilized Oocyte
- Two Cell stage
- Four cell stage
- Eight cell stage, Morula
- Blastocyst
- Embryo Hatches (embryoblast)
- Blastocyst rotates and implants into endometrium of the uterus
What is ectopic pregnancy?
What would be signs and symptoms?
occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus
pelvic pain
Describe the process of gastrulation
In the 3rd week of embryonic development, epiblast and hypoblast cells undergo a highly differentialized process. During this process, the two cell layers become 3 germ layers and the bodily axes observed in the mature adult are created.
What are the 3 germ layers?
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
- Mesoderm
Why is the endoderm important?
- Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tract
- lining of urethra, bladder and reproductive system
- liver and pancreas
- refers pain
Why is the mesoderm important?
- Notochord (vertebrates)
- Musculoskeletal system
- Muscular layer of stomach, intestine
- Circulatory system
Why is the ectoderm important?
- Nervous system
- Epidermis of Skin
- Cornea and lens of eye
What are the features of a vertebrae?
Vertebral body, vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse process, pedicle, lamina
What is the difference between axial and appendicular?
Axial is attached to the spine (thoracic cage, skull, vertebral column)
Appendicular is attached to the appendages (humerus, pelvis)
What do you think causes the spinal curves to form?
Initially, “C Shape” spine in babies. As child begins to stand walk, the muscles start attaching to the spine causing the curve.
Kyphosis vs. Lordosis Curves
Kyphosis is when spine curves more outwards
Lordosis is when the spine curves more inwards
What is the vertebral arch?
“Coffee Mug” everything but the body and foramen
What joint connects to C1 (atlas)?
Atlanto-occipital joint (OA Joint)
What joint connects to C2 (axis)?
Atlantoaxial joint (AA joint)
What is the alar ligament and cruciate ligament?
The alar ligament limits excessive rotation and lateral bending of the neck.
The cruciate ligament prevents abnormal movement of the OA joint
Which vertebrae does not have bifid spinous process?
C7
What is the importance of the costal facets of thoracic spine?
Site where the rib articulates with the spine
Layman’s term for Pars interarticularis
Fracture or “broken back”
What is spondylosis?
Degeneration or “wear and tear of the back”
What is spondylolysis?
A fracture without separation
What is spondylolisthesis?
A fracture with separation
Name the muscles of the superficial, intermediate, and major deep layers of the back
Superficial- Splenius capitis and cervicis
Intermediate- Erector Spinae
Deep- Multifidus, semispinalis, and rotatores
Iliocostalis goes up to…
up to TP of C4
Longissimus goes up to…
up to mastoid process
What makes up the Suboccipital Triangle?
Superomedial boundary- rectus capitis posterior major
Superolateral boundary- oblique capitis superior
Inferolateral boundary- oblique capitis inferior
Floor- posterior OA membrane and posterior arch of C1
Roof- Semispinalis capitis
Contents- Vertebral artery and dorsal ramus C1
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
L1/L2 Vertebrae level
Different Parts of the Erector Spinae?
Iliocostalis- Lomborum, Thoracis, Cervicis
Longissimus- Thoracis, Capitis
Spinalis- Thoracis, Cervicis
Where does the spinal Duran sac terminate?
S2 Segment
Myotomes for Arm?
C5- shoulder flexion, movement away from body
C6- elbow flexion, movement towards body
C7- wrist flexion, movement towards body
C8- digit flexion, movement towards body
T1- digit abduction
Spinal meninges from superficial to deep? Where is not punctured?’
Epidural space
Dura mater (does not puncture dura mater)
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space/ CSF
Pia mater
Most superior vertebral disc?
Between C2 and C3
Where is the hyoid bone located?
The hyoid bone is located at the level of the C3 vertebra
Is there a disc between C1 and the occiput?
No there is no disc between C1 and the occiput
Is there a disc between the axis and the atlas
The axis fits into the atlas so there is no disc between them
Name the suprahyoid muscles
Mylohyoid, Digastric, stylohyoid, and geniohyoid
Name the infrahyoid muscles
Thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid
What are the boundaries of the anterior cervical triangle?
Anterior- the median line of the neck
Posterior- the anterior border of the SCM
Superior- inferior border of the mandible
Apex- jugular notch in the manubrium
Roof- subcutaneous tissue containing the platysma
Floor- pharynx, larynx and thyroid gland
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
Carotid sinus- baroreceptor
Carotid body- chemoreceptor
Nerves like the ansa cervicalis
What are the boundaries of the lateral cervical triangle?
Anterior- posterior border of SCM
Posterior- anterior border of the trapezius
Inferior- middle 1/3 of the clavicle
Apex- where SCM and trapezius meet
Roof- formed by the investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Floor- formed by muscles covered by the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia
What does a lesion of the spinal accessory nerve (CN X1) affect?
It can cause difficulty in shoulder movement and head rotation
What spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?
C1-C5
