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human gross anatomy > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The first 2 weeks of gestation is called…

A

Pre-Embryonic Stage

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2
Q

Weeks 3-8 of gestation is called…

A

Embryo

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3
Q

Week 9 until birth of gestation is called…

A

Fetus “all organ systems are structured but not fully developed”

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4
Q

What are the 8 stages of fertilization?

A
  1. Unfertilized Oocyte
  2. Fertilized Oocyte
  3. Two Cell stage
  4. Four cell stage
  5. Eight cell stage, Morula
  6. Blastocyst
  7. Embryo Hatches (embryoblast)
  8. Blastocyst rotates and implants into endometrium of the uterus
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5
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?
What would be signs and symptoms?

A

occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus

pelvic pain

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6
Q

Describe the process of gastrulation

A

In the 3rd week of embryonic development, epiblast and hypoblast cells undergo a highly differentialized process. During this process, the two cell layers become 3 germ layers and the bodily axes observed in the mature adult are created.

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7
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
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8
Q

Why is the endoderm important?

A
  • Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tract
  • lining of urethra, bladder and reproductive system
  • liver and pancreas
  • refers pain
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9
Q

Why is the mesoderm important?

A
  • Notochord (vertebrates)
  • Musculoskeletal system
  • Muscular layer of stomach, intestine
  • Circulatory system
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10
Q

Why is the ectoderm important?

A
  • Nervous system
  • Epidermis of Skin
  • Cornea and lens of eye
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11
Q

What are the features of a vertebrae?

A

Vertebral body, vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse process, pedicle, lamina

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12
Q

What is the difference between axial and appendicular?

A

Axial is attached to the spine (thoracic cage, skull, vertebral column)
Appendicular is attached to the appendages (humerus, pelvis)

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13
Q

What do you think causes the spinal curves to form?

A

Initially, “C Shape” spine in babies. As child begins to stand walk, the muscles start attaching to the spine causing the curve.

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14
Q

Kyphosis vs. Lordosis Curves

A

Kyphosis is when spine curves more outwards
Lordosis is when the spine curves more inwards

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15
Q

What is the vertebral arch?

A

“Coffee Mug” everything but the body and foramen

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16
Q

What joint connects to C1 (atlas)?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint (OA Joint)

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17
Q

What joint connects to C2 (axis)?

A

Atlantoaxial joint (AA joint)

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18
Q

What is the alar ligament and cruciate ligament?

A

The alar ligament limits excessive rotation and lateral bending of the neck.
The cruciate ligament prevents abnormal movement of the OA joint

19
Q

Which vertebrae does not have bifid spinous process?

A

C7

20
Q

What is the importance of the costal facets of thoracic spine?

A

Site where the rib articulates with the spine

21
Q

Layman’s term for Pars interarticularis

A

Fracture or “broken back”

22
Q

What is spondylosis?

A

Degeneration or “wear and tear of the back”

23
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

A fracture without separation

24
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

A fracture with separation

25
Q

Name the muscles of the superficial, intermediate, and major deep layers of the back

A

Superficial- Splenius capitis and cervicis
Intermediate- Erector Spinae
Deep- Multifidus, semispinalis, and rotatores

26
Q

Iliocostalis goes up to…

A

up to TP of C4

27
Q

Longissimus goes up to…

A

up to mastoid process

28
Q

What makes up the Suboccipital Triangle?

A

Superomedial boundary- rectus capitis posterior major
Superolateral boundary- oblique capitis superior
Inferolateral boundary- oblique capitis inferior
Floor- posterior OA membrane and posterior arch of C1
Roof- Semispinalis capitis
Contents- Vertebral artery and dorsal ramus C1

29
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1/L2 Vertebrae level

30
Q

Different Parts of the Erector Spinae?

A

Iliocostalis- Lomborum, Thoracis, Cervicis
Longissimus- Thoracis, Capitis
Spinalis- Thoracis, Cervicis

31
Q

Where does the spinal Duran sac terminate?

A

S2 Segment

32
Q

Myotomes for Arm?

A

C5- shoulder flexion, movement away from body
C6- elbow flexion, movement towards body
C7- wrist flexion, movement towards body
C8- digit flexion, movement towards body
T1- digit abduction

33
Q

Spinal meninges from superficial to deep? Where is not punctured?’

A

Epidural space
Dura mater (does not puncture dura mater)
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space/ CSF
Pia mater

34
Q

Most superior vertebral disc?

A

Between C2 and C3

35
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

The hyoid bone is located at the level of the C3 vertebra

36
Q

Is there a disc between C1 and the occiput?

A

No there is no disc between C1 and the occiput

37
Q

Is there a disc between the axis and the atlas

A

The axis fits into the atlas so there is no disc between them

38
Q

Name the suprahyoid muscles

A

Mylohyoid, Digastric, stylohyoid, and geniohyoid

39
Q

Name the infrahyoid muscles

A

Thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid

40
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior cervical triangle?

A

Anterior- the median line of the neck
Posterior- the anterior border of the SCM
Superior- inferior border of the mandible
Apex- jugular notch in the manubrium
Roof- subcutaneous tissue containing the platysma
Floor- pharynx, larynx and thyroid gland

41
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

Carotid sinus- baroreceptor
Carotid body- chemoreceptor
Nerves like the ansa cervicalis

42
Q

What are the boundaries of the lateral cervical triangle?

A

Anterior- posterior border of SCM
Posterior- anterior border of the trapezius
Inferior- middle 1/3 of the clavicle
Apex- where SCM and trapezius meet
Roof- formed by the investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Floor- formed by muscles covered by the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia

43
Q

What does a lesion of the spinal accessory nerve (CN X1) affect?

A

It can cause difficulty in shoulder movement and head rotation

44
Q

What spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C5

human gross anatomy (12 decks)

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