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psyc > Test 2 Weeks 4 & 5 PSYC122 > Flashcards

Test 2 Weeks 4 & 5 PSYC122 Flashcards

1
Q

How low can you go?

A

Absolute Threshold

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2
Q

Can you tell the difference?- how big does the difference have to be to notice it

A

Discrimination Threshold

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3
Q

Seen, present

A

Hit

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4
Q

Seen, absent

A

Miss

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5
Q

Absent, I see something

A

False alarm

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6
Q

Absent, I don’t see anything

A

Correct rejection

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7
Q

How well can you distinguish between when the stimulus is present or absent, means you have a high hit rate AND a low false alarm rate.

A

Sensitivity

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8
Q

Presented with the same stimulus intensity, different participants might respond differently not because they have different perceptual sensitivities, but because they are more/less biased in responding to the task- bias to say yes/bias to say no

A

Response bias

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9
Q

Allows us to separate sensitivity from response bias

A

Signal Detection Theory

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10
Q

Discrimination threshold increases proportionally to baseline/reference stimulus increase.

A

Weber’s law

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11
Q

smallest perceivable difference

A

Just noticeable difference (JND)

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12
Q

Weber’s fraction

A

JND/baseline- e.g. 50 and 54= 4/50

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13
Q

Wavelength

A

colour

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14
Q

Kinetic energy

A

temperature

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15
Q

Chemical shape

A

aroma

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16
Q

Vibration

A

texture

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17
Q

Frequency

A

Pitch

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18
Q

Amplitude

A

loudness

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19
Q

Tissue Damage

A

pain

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20
Q

electromagnetic energy, roll right over things (radio waves, microwaves)

A

big wavelengths of light

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21
Q

electromagnetic energy, x-rays and cosmic rays very they go right through objects

A

tiny wavelengths of light

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22
Q

Photo-receptor- mostly in the periphery. Respond to light of all wavelengths. High sensitivity/low resolution, used in low light

A

Rods

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23
Q

Photo-receptor- Centred in the middle of the retina (fovea). Respond to different wavelengths (red/green/blue). High resolution/low sensitivity

A

Cones

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24
Q

Colour perception is mediated by cones

A

Trichromatic Theory

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25
Q

most sensitive at short wavelengths (blue)

A

s-cones

26
Q

most sensitive at medium wavelengths (green)

A

m-cones

27
Q

most sensitive at long wavelengths (red)

A

l-cones

28
Q

one type of cone

A

monochromat

29
Q

two types of cones

A

dichromat

30
Q

Males – dichromats- not fooled by camouflage, lookouts
Females – dichromats and trichromats- foraging

A

Callitrichids

31
Q

brain takes shadow into account and converts the image accordingly

A

Colour constancy and Lightness constancy

32
Q

objects maintain their properties even when the context changes their physical characteristics

A

Perceptual constancy

33
Q

information comes out the optic nerve and crosses over at that spot towards one of the visual cortex

A

optic chasm

34
Q

visual pathway from eye to brain

A

Information received by retina, object in left visual field, lands on the outside of right retina (temporal retina)/inside edge of left retina (nasal retina) and vice versa, information goes to Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) which is a bundle of cells in thalamus, sensory relay station, right visual field goes to left primary visual cortex, left visual field goes to right primary visual cortex

35
Q

connects the two brain hemispheres, e.g. cut for epilepsy treatment, had specific vision problem, two sides don’t coordinate, hemispheres have different views of the world, can still function, left hemisphere produces speech, left side didn’t see anything so didn’t say anything, left hand (controlled by right hemisphere) can point to the shape shown

A

corpus callosum

36
Q

cues that depend on using two eyes

A

Binocular Cues

37
Q

can use information from only one eye

A

monocular cues

38
Q

objects further than fixation will hit the fovea inwards

A

Uncrossed disparity

39
Q

objects closer than the fixation will hit the fovea outwards

A

Crossed disparity

40
Q

left and right fields of vision provide slightly different visual images when focusing on a single object, used by our brain to perceive depth

A

Retinal Disparity

41
Q

when things get closer your eyes need to move inwards to keep track, brain keeps track of eye movement to monitor positions of objects in space

A

vergence

42
Q

depth perception cue in which objects that are closer, appear to move faster than objects that are far away

A

motion parallax

43
Q

Using incoming information to drive perception, data-driven, stimulus driven, involuntarily, salience e.g. colour, movement, size, loudness

A

Bottom-up processing

44
Q

Using our knowledge or experience to drive
perception, conceptually-driven, voluntarily, Current needs e.g. Goals, Tasks, Relevance, Motivation, goal-driven

A

Top-down processing

45
Q

images that have more than one perceptual interpretation

A

Bistable images

46
Q

change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it

A

change blindness

47
Q

experiment where one of the interlocutors was switched for another half way through, Did they notice the change?
Young adults: yes- between ages of 20-30
Older adults: no- over 30 do not notice

A

Simons & Levin (1998)

48
Q

Simons & Levin (1998) experiment 2, dressed as construction workers

A

Did you notice the change?
Young adults: 75% no

49
Q

processes that do not need attention

A

Automatic processes

50
Q

processes that need attention

A

Controlled processes

51
Q

Searching for one feature (colour, shape) can be done automatically. It “pops out”. It takes the same amount of time, no many how many items you have to search.
Searching for a combination of features requires controlled attention. You need to apply attention to each item, one at a time. More items requires more time.

A

Feature Integration Theory

52
Q

The ability to prioritise some information while ignoring other information

A

Selective Attention

53
Q

Dichotic Listening- Cherry (1953)

A

in one ear you hear one message, you need to do shadowing, keep listening and repeating, other message to other ear, attended channel and unattended channel, you only need to shadow one ear, manipulated what was going to the other ear
People noticed: Male to female, Forward to backward
People didn’t notice: English to German, Any content
Filtering quite a bit of information, physical differences/characteristics are noticed

54
Q

Broadbent (1958)

A

1, 7, 5/8, 9, 3- one number in each ear at the same time, reporting from one ear and then switching to other ear where other digits were still sitting in sensory memory

55
Q

Attention narrows the flow of information into awareness based on physical characteristics- use attention to select one channel of information at a time

A

Broadbent’s Filter Theory

56
Q

Treisman (1960)

A

half the sentence in one ear, half in the other (meaning wise)

57
Q

Attended messages pass through clearly. Unattended messages are weakened. Sometimes they break through. Breakthrough happens when the unattended message reaches a threshold. Relevant/expected/important messages have a low threshold. Irrelevant/unexpected/boring messages have a high threshold.

A

Treisman’s Attenuation Model

58
Q

MacKay (1963)- test sentences

A

They threw stones at the bank, ambiguous word, use context to interpret it, river or money in other ear, threw stones down by the stream, they threw stones at the building- people who heard river in other ear are more likely to choose option 1, and vice versa- understand the meaning of something even if we are not aware of having been exposed to it, process things outside of our awareness

59
Q

We process everything for meaning, but only selected information makes it into our awareness.

A

Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Model

60
Q

Attention is a flexible pool of resources
* If primary task is demanding:
no resources left
→ early selection
→ no distraction
* If primary task is easy
leftover capacity
→ late selection
→ distraction
low v high perceptual load

A

Load Theory, Nilli Lavie

61
Q

Forster & Lavie (2008)

A

k or n, low perceptual load v high perceptual load + distractions (pokemons)- faster with no distractor, but less distracted on high

psyc (12 decks)

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