test 2 PSYC121 Flashcards
physiognomy
physical appearance (face) is window to the soul
narcissism
younger more, men more
interactionism
genetic factors + environment
Christie and Geis (1970)
the machiavellian personality- lack of concern for morality, lack of affect in relationships, low ideological commitment
interpersonal psychopathy symptoms
arrogant, callous, manipulative
affective psychopathy symptoms
shallow, irritable, lacking remorse
behavioural psychopathy symptoms
impulsive, irresponsible, breaks rules
the dark tetrad
narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy
pluralism
many ways of practising/thinking
Dsm
recognised mental health disorders with guidelines for diagnosis
icd-ll
other common classification system
descriptive
approaches distinguish based on observable features, dsm does this
causal
approaches distinguish based on some underlying cause
dsm disorders
around 298 mental disorders
heterogeneity
many origin
symptomatic heterogeneity
meet dsm criteria while having very different sets of symptoms
causal
many dsm diagnoses are capturing diverse patterns of difficulty under one label
theory
explanatory theory is a scientific explanation of how something works
traditional model of panic attacks (Clark, 1986)
trigger stimulus = pereceived threat- apprehension- body sensations- interpretation of sensations as catastrophic- perceived threat
transdiagnostic mechanism
chunk of theory that seems to apply across different problems/diagnoses
hyperventilation cycle
stress = hyperventilation- anxiety- more hyperventilating- symptoms worsen- hyperventilation
formulation
theory of an individual’s particular presenting problems (rather than a disorder)
avoidance cycle
perceive danger- avoid- brief relief- anxiety grows- perceive danger
Uncertainty
infants live in a constant state of… As we learn about the world, it becomes more predictable, When we can make predictions about the world, we are better at conserving valuable energy/resources
Language Development
reducing uncertainty in the behaviour of other people by decoding sounds
Physical Development
reducing uncertainty about how to operate the body in which you were born
Evolution
process by which all living things gradually change in ways that allow them to better adapt to their environment
adaptive function
“how does the observed behaviour help the organism to survive”
Cognitive Development
Learning about the world
Social Development
Getting help from others
Attachment
An enduring emotional tie between an infant and their caregiver
precocial
they are capable of surviving on their own from birth
altricial
we are incapable of surviving on their own at birth, babies are born underdeveloped, compared to other mammals
Oxytocin
a hormone that is key in stimulating uterine contractions (inducing labor), lactation (breastfeeding)
Konrad Lorenz (1937)
discovered that some animals (ducks, geese) develop attachment very quickly after they are born (“critical period”)
Critical Window
There is a narrow window of time in which imprinting can take place (12-17 hours after hatching)
Critical Periods
Starts and ends abruptly
During this time, organism is extremely sensitive to external stimuli that are compulsory for developing a particular skill
Sensitive Periods
Starts and ends gradually
During this period, organism is especially sensitive to external stimuli
Feeding Hypothesis
Function of attachment is to access food (survival), Psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud): Attachment formed through “drive reduction” (food), Learning/Behaviour: Attachment formed through association with feeding
Social Needs Hypothesis
Attachment is about fulfilling an important social need to be soothed or loved (“creature comforts”)
Harlow’s Studies on Attachment in Rhesus monkeys
Regardless of which mother fed them, they spent more time with the cloth mother (strong evidence against the feeding hypothesis)
formation of human attachment
months 0-2 does not discriminate
2-7 begins to prefer familiar people, beginning of ‘stranger danger’
7-24 developed attachment to primary caregiver, beginning of ‘separation anxiety’
24- onwards reciprocal relationship, child feels secure over prolonged separations
sensitive period
bowlby’s theory of attachment
he theorise that attachment- is an all or nothing process- is carried out by an innate behavioural system- goal of infant’s attachment behaviors is to get closer to caregiver
mary ainsworth’s strange situation test
goal- to measure the quality of attachment in infant- caregiver relationship
insecure avoidant attachment style
parents won’t respond to needs
insecure resistant attachment
unpredictable responses to needs
disorganised attachment (rare)
no set pattern of expectations- i don’t know what works so i’ll try whatever
body budget
Every action has a metabolic cost (breathing, thinking, walking, sleeping, etc).
Unnecessary Expenditure
Expending the energy needed to do the (bad) action
Opportunity Cost
Missing the opportunity to do the (better) action that would be more helpful in the long run
Executive Functions (EF)
Monitoring and Control of thought, action, and emotion, to effectively achieve one’s goals, EFs are the cognitive skills needed for self-control- the speed of a car is self control, efs are the oil, the road, your ability- how we achieve self control
Inhibition
the ability to restrain oneself from performing a particular action
social expectations
conditional love and affection
social learning
inherit perfectionistic behaviors
social reaction
perfectionism as a protective reaction- reaction to living in a harsh environment- provide a sense of stability/control, prove racist stereotypes wrong
anxious rearing
parental anxiety and projection- more likely to be sentenced to a longer jail sentence than pakeha- racism
