Educ244 Test 1, Lecture 1 Flashcards
What was the total human population for most of history?
Less than 10 million people
When did the human population begin to increase notably?
Around 10,000 years ago
What major developments contributed to the increase in human population?
Agriculture and domestication of animals
What is the total fertility rate?
The number of births per woman
What was New Zealand’s total fertility rate in 2002?
1.950
What percentage of the world population do developed countries represent?
18%
What percentage of the world population do developing countries represent?
82%
Where will nearly all population growth from now until 2050 take place?
Developing countries
What is the replacement level in terms of fertility rate?
Number of births needed to maintain population
What significant trend has been observed in New Zealand’s total fertility rate since the late 1970s?
Steady decline
What is the approximate percentage of the world’s population living on less than US$2 per day as of 2023?
40%
What percentage of children in developed countries go on to tertiary education?
50%
What percentage of children in developing countries do not complete primary school?
About 20%
What does SES stand for?
Socioeconomic status
What factors are included in socioeconomic status (SES)?
- Educational level
- Income level
- Occupational status
What does the term ‘majority culture’ refer to?
Sets norms and standards of a dominant social group
What is a microculture?
Shared ethnicity, religion, or language
What role does gender play in child development?
Expectations of male and female roles
What aspects are encompassed in the concept of ethnicity?
- Cultural origin
- Traditions
- Race
- Religion
- Language
Fill in the blank: The total fertility rate in New Zealand was ______ in 1921.
1.66
True or False: Developed countries are less wealthy than developing countries.
False
What has contributed to the decline in birth rates in developed countries?
- Financial considerations
- Access to birth control
- Evolving perspectives
- Tertiary education for women
What are the five main theories of child development?
Psychoanalytic, Learning, Constructivist, Humanistic, Ecological
These theories provide different perspectives on how children grow and develop.
What is the focus of psychoanalytic theories?
Unconscious forces and childhood experiences impacting adulthood
Key figures include Freud and Erikson.
What are the three psychic structures in Freud’s theory?
- Id: pleasure principle
- Superego: conscience
- Ego: reality
These structures interact to shape behavior and personality.
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
Each stage is characterized by different focuses of sexual energy.
What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory focused on?
Social and cultural environment throughout the lifespan
It consists of eight stages characterized by crises and resolutions.
What does behaviorism emphasize in child development?
Observable behaviors and measurable outcomes
It includes concepts like conditioning.
What is Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?
Learning through observation and imitation
Reinforcement is not necessary for learning.
What are Piaget’s cognitive stages?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
Each stage represents a different level of cognitive development.
Define assimilation in Piagetian terms.
Modifying new information to fit existing schemes
It allows children to integrate new experiences.
Define accommodation in Piagetian terms.
Changing existing schemes to incorporate new information
This process helps children adapt to new experiences.
What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The gap between what individuals can do alone and with help
It emphasizes the role of social interaction in learning.
What is scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky’s theory?
Support provided to help learners accomplish tasks
Scaffolding should decrease as competence increases.
What is the focus of humanistic theories?
Human flourishing and reaching full potential
They emphasize the whole person and self-actualization.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A model of human motivation based on fulfilling needs
It culminates in self-actualization.
What does Weisner’s Ecocultural Theory emphasize?
The influence of cultural context on child development
It highlights the importance of community and cultural activities.
What are the five levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Framework?
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
These levels illustrate the various influences on development.
What is the importance of socio-ecological theory?
It highlights relationships between the child and their environment
It is particularly relevant for minority cultures in a dominant culture context.
What are the Māori models of learning and wellbeing?
- Poutama model
- Te Wheke
- Te Whare Tapa Whā
These models reflect indigenous perspectives on education and health.
What is a key conclusion about child development theories?
A holistic view is crucial, acknowledging cultural contexts
This understanding shapes parenting, education, and well-being.
