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psyc > Test 2 Week 8 PSYC122 > Flashcards

Test 2 Week 8 PSYC122 Flashcards

1
Q

Acoustic speech sounds that express meaning, Around 200 different types of human made sounds are used in language- not any single language has all 200, Single unit of sound that changes meaning

A

Phonemes (sounds)

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2
Q

How many phonemes in English?

A

45

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3
Q

How many phonemes in Tongan?

A

17

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4
Q

acoustically different but not functionally different

A

Allophonic

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5
Q

signals difference in meaning

A

Phonemic

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6
Q

Unbound/free morphemes

A

Words, Content + (grammatical) function- stands alone, has a meaning

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7
Q

Bound morphemes

A

Affixes, suffixes, (grammatical) function- only meaningful when related to words

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8
Q

The smallest language units that carry meaning

A

morphemes

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9
Q

carry content, carry semantic information in content, open set of words, can create new ones, Bricks in language/syntax

A

Content morphemes/words

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10
Q

linked to the grammar of language, close set of words, don’t change, structure/grammar of language is set, not as important for semantic aspect of knowledge but necessary for grammar, combines two content words together, The mortar that holds the bricks together

A

Function morphemes/words

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11
Q

relies on processing content words

A

Semantic processing

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12
Q

relies on processing function words

A

Syntactic processing

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13
Q

Inability to process syntax, understand but struggle to communicate, struggle to form sentences but can use content words, semantic system, retrieve content words but not function words

A

Broca’s Aphasia

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14
Q
  • Right-handed People: left hemisphere, mostly lower edge of frontal lobe and upper edge of temporal lobe
    Broca’s Area: located near areas that control speech muscles
    Wernicke’s Area: left temporal lobe →next to primary auditory cortex →translates sounds into meaning
A

Language-Relevant Brain Areas

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15
Q

Refers to the structure of language→ phrases and sentences

A

Syntax

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16
Q

What is syntax cued by

A

Morphology, Word order, Word class

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17
Q

Speech is effortless but meaning is impaired, very few content words, devoid of any meaning, neologism (made up words), difficulty in understanding language

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

18
Q

Statement that expresses an idea

A

Proposition

19
Q

Early infant speech perception

A

Newborns able to perceive many basic phoneme contrasts (hearing the differences between sounds)
Not restricted to the sounds in the language they are growing up in

20
Q

Detection of phonemic change experiment

A

“ba” versus “ga”, 1- and 4-month-olds
HAS: High Amplitude Sucking- suck harder when interested, get used to current sound, interest spikes up again in new sound

21
Q

Perception of consonant sounds becomes categorical → different categories of sound

A

 Detection of phonemic change is modified by experience
 9 months: Children fine tune their perception to the language they are growing up in

22
Q

Cooing

A

2 months

23
Q

Reduplicated Babbling

A

6‐7 months → same syllable over and over

24
Q

Variegated Babbling

A

Variegated Babbling → 11‐12 months → syllables with different consonants and vowels
10 Months: baby’s sounds have adapted to language it hears → adults can tell which language baby is learning

25
Q

Infants make a limited set of sounds- Why?

A
  • the shape of the infant vocal tract,
  • development of motor cortex
26
Q

Comprehension Versus Production

A
  • Word comprehension (receptive vocabulary) precedes productive vocabulary by an average of 4 months
  • Initial acquisition rate for comprehension is twice that of production
27
Q

The Vocabulary Burst

A

Major increase in productive vocabulary acquisition rate after first 50 words are learned, Why?
 Symbolic nature of language
 Control over articulation
 Easier retrieval

28
Q

“dog” only for family dog but not other dogs

A

Underextension

29
Q
  • “dog” to refer to dogs and cats
  • “moon” for orange, lamp, fingernail clipping
  • “milk” for white blanket, puddle
A

Overextension
Words Acquired % Overextended
1‐25 45%
26‐50 35%
51‐75 20%

30
Q

These aren’t conventional adult words; however, they hold symbolic meaning for the child

A

protowords

31
Q

A single word that stands for an entire statement

A

Holophrases

32
Q

Later syntactic development

A

By 4 years syntax beginning to resemble
adult language

33
Q
  1. Nativist views of language
     Children are biologically predisposed to learn language
A

Language bioprogram hypothesis
 Sensitive period: ideal time for acquiring certain parts of
language → harder afterwards (maturational constraints)
 Sensitive period ends by puberty once lateralization occurs
 Evidence for sensitive period
- Isolated children
- Deaf signers

34
Q

poverty of the stimulus

A

the argument that the linguistic input received by young children is in itself insufficient to explain their detailed knowledge of their first language

35
Q

Isolated Children: The Case of Genie

A
  • Intensive language training over many years
  • Different rates of progress seen in acquiring words versus acquiring syntax
36
Q

Deaf Signers (Newport 1990)

A
  • Native: exposed to sign from birth
  • Early: Exposed to sign at 4-6 years
  • Late: Exposed to sign at 12 years
37
Q
  1. General learning capacities
A

 Alternative views to nativist accounts
 Children use domain general skills
 Children have highly developed pattern recognition systems
- Allow children to form language categories through picking up on regularities, without resorting to innate language categories
- Evidence from word boundary studies
- Evidence from forming categories
 Counterargument to poverty of the stimulus claim

38
Q
  1. Social Learning
A

Response to innate explanations to language learning – poverty of the stimulus argument
 Parentese
- Simplified speech
- Exaggerated intonation
 Social responding to infants’ language attempts
 Children’s vocabularies are strongly associated with the amount of language parents use with their children

39
Q

Child-centred talk

A

Caregivers adapt talk to child’s
level

40
Q

Situation-centred talk

A

Child learns to adapt to situation

psyc (12 decks)

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