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Physiology > Test 2 (The Nervous System and Synapses) > Flashcards

Test 2 (The Nervous System and Synapses) Flashcards

1
Q

Glands communicate with, integrate and control organs by secreting hormones into the blood

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Brain, spinal cord and nerves communicate, integrate and control body functions with nerve impulses

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

Brain+Spinal Cord

Control+Integration

A

Central Nervous System

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4
Q

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Communication

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

Carries nerve impulses via eletrical signals

A

Neurons

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6
Q

Support, protect and nourish neurons and is a majority of nerve tissue cells

A

Neuroglia

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7
Q

What are the structures of a neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon

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8
Q

Contains nucleus and other organelles

A

Cell body

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9
Q

Branched extensions of the cell body that carry impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

Long extension of cell body, beginning with the axon hillock and ending in synaptic/axon terminal with synaptic knobs/vesicles and carries impulses away from cell body

A

Axon

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11
Q

Increases the speed of impulse conduction and makes the process of sending impulses more energy efficient

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

Made of neuralgia cells called Schwann cells wrapping around the axon

A

PNS myelinated neurons

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13
Q

Sheath made of oligodendrocytes that wrap around an axon

A

CNS myelinated neurons

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14
Q

3 types of neurons

A

afferent, efferent, association neurons

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15
Q

Carries impulses from receptors in the PNS to the CNS

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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16
Q

Carries impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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17
Q

Carries impulses within the CNS and relays impulses from the sensory neurons to the motor neurons

A

Association neurons

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18
Q

Carries impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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19
Q

carries impulses within CNS- relay impulses form the sensory neurons to the motor neurons

A

Association neurons

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20
Q

What are the types of neuralgia cells?

A 
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
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21
Q

Form the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

Phagocytosis to prevent infection

A

Microglia

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23
Q

Works in cerebrospinal fluid circulation

A

Ependymal cells

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24
Q

Cells that form a regeneration tube that eventually becomes functional again

A

Schwann cells

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25
Q

When these axons are cut, the severed distal portion regenerates

A

PNS neuroglial cells

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26
Q

How do neuralgia cells function in blood brain barrier

A

Separate the brain from the circulatory system

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27
Q

Steps to protect blood brain barrier

A

Prevent toxic substance from entering CNS

  • Endothelial cells line capillaries in brain fit tightly together, making diffusion much more difficult
  • Astrocyte feet surrounding the endothelial cells and their secretions also provide a physical barrier
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28
Q

Not transmitting an impulse

A

resting neuron

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29
Q

What is polarization like in resting membrane potential

A

Electrical charge on the outside of the membrane is positive while the electrical charge on the inside of the membrane is negative

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30
Q

The difference/imbalance in electrical charges

A

Testing potential (~70mV)

31
Q

Where is the greatest Na+ concentration in membrane potential

A

Outside of the membrane

32
Q

Membrane potential other than 0mV

A

Polarization

33
Q

Less negative than resting membrane potential

A

Depolarization

34
Q

Membrane returns to resting potential after depolarization

A

Repolarization

35
Q

More negative than resting membrane potential

A

Hyperpolarization

36
Q

How is Ionic imbalance brought about?

A

Sodium-Potassium pumps out more + ions than it brings in

37
Q

Channels that are always open

A

Leaky/nongated

38
Q

Channels that are open for specific ions

A

Gated

  • ligand-gated
  • voltage-gated
39
Q

Group of transmembrane ion channel proteins which open to allow ions to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter

A

Ligand-gated`

40
Q

Changes in membrane potential cause channel to open

A

Voltage-gated

41
Q

What are the two types of K+ channels

A

not gated

voltage gated

42
Q

Types od Na+ channels

A

Voltage gated (open ~55mV)

43
Q

What happens when a nerve cell “fires”?

A

An electrical signal moves down the neuron
Electrical signals are produced by changes in ion concentrations
Alter ion concentrations by altering ion permeability

44
Q

Produced by a specific change in the environment acting on a specific region or portion of the cell membrane

A

Graded potential

45
Q

What does the magnitude of graded potential depend on?

A

Strength and frequency of the stimulus

46
Q

A brief, rapid, large change in membrane potential, causing it to reach its threshold

A

Action potential

47
Q

The critical level to which a membrane must be depolarized for an action potential to occur

A

Threshold potential

48
Q

The neuron either propagates an impulse of does not at all

A

“All of none law”, which action potential follows

49
Q

Where does action potential begin?

A

Axon hillock

50
Q

A period following stimulation during which a cell is unresponsive to further stimulation

A

Refractory period

51
Q

The period of time after a nerve has fired an action potential during which another AP cannot be fired, no matter how strong the stimulus

A

Absolute refractory period

52
Q

The period of time after a nerve has fired an action potential (and after the absolute refractory period) during which another AP cannot be fired with the threshold stimulus, but larger than threshold stimulus can be fired

A

Relative refractory period

53
Q

How does action potential propagate unmyelinated axons

A

AP opens voltage gated Na+ channels
Serves as stimulus for depolarization of next adjacent region, triggering an AP at the segment
AP produced continuously along plasma membrane or unmyelinated axons

54
Q

Gaps in between either Schwann cells or Oligodendrocytes

A

Ranvier

55
Q

How does action potential propagate in myelinated axons

A

Impulses bounce from one Ranvier to the next, avoiding the myelin sheath and speeding u the impulse (saltatory conduction)

56
Q

Why is saltatory conduction faster?

A

myelinated axon have voltage-gated channels ONLY at the nodes of ranvier as as opposed to the entire length

57
Q

Communication junction between a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell

A

synapse

58
Q

Stimulates physiological change

A

synapse

59
Q

What are the two types of synapse

A

Chemical

Electrical

60
Q

Chemical messenger is transmitted across the junction separating the neurons

A

Chemical synapse

61
Q

Two neurons are connected by gap junction

A

Electrical synapse

62
Q

what is the anatomy of a synapse

A

Presynaptic neuron
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic cell

63
Q

What is the chemical sequence of synapse function

A

AP triggers Ca2+ channels in axon terminal
Ca2+ rushes in
Ca2+induced exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on postsynaptic cell membrane

64
Q

Substance that binds to a receptor

A

Ligand

65
Q

Specific ligand-gated ion channels in postsynaptic cell membrane

A

Chemical synapse

66
Q

What are two possible types of synaptic potential

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

67
Q

Post synaptic cell membrane depolarizes and Increases the chances of a post-synaptic action potential occurring

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

68
Q

Postsynaptic cell membrane is hyper polarized and decreases the changes of a post synaptic action potential occurring

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

69
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles

A

Acetylcholine

70
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter that stops the excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety

A

Gamma-Aminobutyric acid

Valium enhances GABBA

71
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates mood

A

serotonin

72
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter that brings the NS to high alert

A

Norepinephrine/epinephrine- excitatory

73
Q

What does the firing of a postsynaptic neuron depend on?

A

the number of active synapses

whether the synapses are excitatory or inhibitory

Physiology (13 decks)

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