Test 2 (The Central Nervous System) Flashcards
Consists of brain and spinal cord
CNS
What are the 3 meninges surrounding the CNS
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
Spaces associated with meninges (superficial to deep)
Epidural space Dura Mater Subdural space Arachnoid Subarachnoid space (contains CSF) Pia mater
Inflammation of the meninges
Meningitis
Usually a result of a fall or cerebral aneurysm
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Clear tissue fluid that protects and buoys the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Supplies brain and spinal cord with nutrients collected from the blood and collects waste to be returned to the blood
CSF
How often is the volume of CSF replaced throughout the day?
4 times
Flows through ventricles of brain, central canal of spinal cord and subarachnoid space
CSF
Examples of what the CNS does for you
regulates internal environment experience emotions controls movements be aware of body engage in thought
Cerebellum, pons, medulla and its the oldest part of the brain
Hindbrain
Reticular formation
Midbrain
Cerebrium, thalamus and hypothalamus, which contains the brain structures that have most recently evolved
Forebrain
Largest and most complex portion of the brain, which is divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
Cerebrum
Outer shell of gray matter that covers each hemisphere and has a central core of white matter
cerebral cortex
What are the 4 major lobes of the cerebral cortex?
occipital, temporal, parietal and frontal
Contains the motor cortices/primary motor cortex and decides voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
Frontal Lobes
Contains the somatosensory cortices/primary sensory cortex, which controls perception of senses
Parietal Lobes
Map showing portion of motor cortex devoted to each body region
Motor homunculus
Map showing the amount of sensory cortex devoted to each body region
Sensory homunculus
Contains the auditory cortex, which aids in perception and interpretation of auditory information
Temporal Lobe
Contains the visual cortex and aids with the perception and interpretation of visual images
Occipital lobe
What are 3 techniques used to examine brain function
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Technique that produces a three dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body and studies brain metabolism
Positron Emission Tomography
Protons are charged and spin (use of magnet)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
How long are the cycles of REM?
90-120 minutes
What are the stages of NREM sleep?
Stage 1- stage between wakefulness and sleep
Stage 2- more time is spent n this stage than any other
Stage 3- deep sleep
Period when muscles activate (twitching), eyes may open and close, brain activity and heart rate gradually slow down and breathing becomes more regular
Stage 1 NREM
Period when muscle activity continues to decrease and short bursts of brain activity occur (you can go through this phase several times in a night)
Stage 2
Period when sleeper is unaware of outside stimuli, very difficult to wake a period in this state and once awake, very difficult to become alert
Stage 3
Masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebrum
Basal nuclei/ basal ganglia
What are the primary functions of the basal nuclei/basal ganglia?
inhibiting muscle tone throughout the body
Modifying ongoing activity in motor pathways
Release dopamine
Suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement
Sensory and motor infomration controlled by opposite side as a result of decussation of fibers
Contraleteral cerebral lateralization
Each hemisphere receives information from both sides of the body through communication via the corpus callosum
Contralateral
The dominant hemisphere that has language and analytical ability
Left hemisphere
Hemisphere that has visuospatial and can read maps and patterns
Right Hemisphere
Coordinates complex fine-motor functions involved in speech
Broca’s Area
responsible for ability to comprehend language and formulate words
Wernicke’s Area
Speech is poorly articulated
Understand what is spoken, but have difficulty responding
Broca’s Aphasia
Speak easily
Can’t understand spoken or written language
Wernicke’s Area
Group of cerebral nuclei forming a ring around the brain stem
Limbic system
Center for emotional drives
Functions of Limbic System
Non-declarative memory
memory of simple skills
Declarative memory
Memory of facts and events
Temporal lobes involved in converting short-term memory to long-term memory. SLEEP IS NEEDED FOR THIS
Memory consolidation
Involved in memory formation
Amygdala
Loss of cholinergic fibers in hippocampus and cerebral cortex
Accumulation of extracellular proteins called senile plaques
Accumulation of intercellular proteins forming neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer’s
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Body temp Thirst and urine output Food intake Circadian rhythm Control ANS
hypothalamus
Critical link between spinal cord and higher brain regions
Oldest/most primitive portion of the brain
Brainstem
Network of neuron in medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus
Reticular Activating System
Activated by receipt of sensory information and induces nonspecific arousal to cerebrum
RAS
Relay between brain and spinal cord and contains nuclei that control basal survival function
Medulla oblongata
Regulated HR and contractile force
Medulla (cardiac center)
Regulates respiration
respiratory center
Controls blood vessel diameter
Vasomotor center
Planning, initiating and timing motor movements
Maintains proper position of the body in space
plays KEY role i learning skilled motor taks
Cerebellum
Located in the white matter of the spinal cord
Spinal cord tracts
Carries information from receptors to the brain to be interpetated
Ascending tracts
Carries impulses/directions from the brain to the effectors
Descending tracts
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves
Peripheral nervous System (PNS)
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
What is the reflex arc?
Receptor Afferent/sensory neuron Integration Efferent Effector
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
