Review Sheet 2 Flashcards
What types of cells form the myelin sheaths surrounding axons on neurons in the CNS and PNS?
Oligodendocytes in CNS
Schwann cells make up PNS
what are spaces between cells called?
Nodes of Ranvier
What type of conduction occurs along the axons of myelinated neurons?
Saltatory conduction
What are physical symptoms of MS?
slower movement
numbness
vision loss
Type 1 Diabetes
- diagnosed early on
- body doesn’t secrete enough insulin
- treated with insulin injections
Type 2 Diabetes
- diagnosed in adulthood
- body doesn’t respond to insulin
- fix by diet and exercise and a low carb diet
Graded potential
- depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
- amplitude is small
- amplitude is based from strength of stimulus
- longer graded potentials
- refractory period
- decremental
Action Potential
- depolarizing
- amplitude is long
- amplitude is all or none
- shorter graded potentials
- no refractory period
- non-decremental
What is Glaucoma?
compromised vision
treated by draining fluid and marijuana
What are cataracts?
- cloudy lens
- surgical removal of lens
What is Presbyopia?
-when lens loses ability to accommodate
What is macular degeneration?
degeneration of macular ludea
What is wet MD?
-abmornal growth of blood vessels in eye
What is dry MD?
accumulation of dusssen in eye
What are the 4 major lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
motor cortex
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
sensory cortex
What is the function of the occipital lobe
vision
What is the function of the temporal lobe
auditory function
What are the 5 components of a reflex arc
- receptor
- Afferent neuron transmits impulse to CNS
- Interneuron integration
- Motor neuron conducts efferent impulses from integration to efferent organ
- Effector -fiber or gland responds
What is the resting potential for a typical neuron?
-70
Any potential other than 0
polarization
Potential becoming more positive
depolarization
Potential returning to resting potential
repolarization
Potential becoming more negative
hydrapolarization
Basic function of sympathetic division
fight or flight
basic function of parasympathetic division
rest and digest
What are antagonistic hormones
hormones that effects counter one another
2 pairs ot anatagonistic hormones and their function
insulin and glucagon
- insulin stores fat
- glucagon represses fat storage
Calcitonin and PTH
-calcitonin lowers blood calcium and PTH raises it
Pathway of sound
Pinna Auditory canal Tympanic membrane Ossicles Oval window Chochlea Hair cells Auditory nerve
What is farsightedness =
- hyperopia ( eye too short)
- closer objects appear blurred
What is nearsightedness
- myopia (eye too long)
- image formed in front of retina not on it
What are the stages of sleep
NREM 1. between awake and sleep 2. muscle activity continues to decrease (MOST) 3. deep sleep REM
What is the blood-brain barrier?
Keeps brain from circulatory system which keeps toxins out
What 2 types of cells are essential in forming this barrier?
Astrocyte
Endothelial
What are the 2 types of equillibrium
Static and Dynamic
What structures are responsible for maintaining static eq?
Saccual and Utricle
What structure are responsible for maintaining dynamic?
Semicircular canals
Feels horizontal movement
utricle
feels vertical movement
saccule
What is the synaptic cleft?
space between one neuron and another neuron or tissue
How do impulses travel from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic cell?
Ca+ channels open
Ca2+ induced exocytosis of synaptic
Neurotransmitter transmits signal across cleft
Gigantism
hyper secretion of GH during childhood
Dwarfism
hypo secretion in childhood
Acromeglie
hyper secretion during adulthood
Where are Brocas and Wernickes area?
left hemisphere
Function of Broca’s area
coordinate fine motor functions involved in speech
Function of Wernickes area
Comprehends language
Broca’s Aphasia
speech becomes poorly articulated
Wernicke’s Aphasia
speak easily but cannot understand language
What are the protective layers of tissue surround the CNS from DEEP to SUPERFICIAL?
Pia mater subarachnoid space arachnoid subdural (CSF) dura mater epidural
How are receptor fields measured?
2 pt discrimination test
What is a tropic hormone
Tropic hormones control the secretion of the hormones
GnRH
tropic hormone
-stimulates follicle stimulating hormone
Effects complement each other
anatagonistic
Systems produce similar effects
complementary
Systems work together for final goal
Cooperative
Where does an image travel when it goes through the eye?
- light enters through cornea
- bends light through pupil
- adjusted light passes through lens
- light goes son to retina and light is converted into electrical impulses
- travels to optic nerve
