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Physiology > Test 2 (Endocrine Glands) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Endocrine Glands) Flashcards

1
Q

-Regulate organic metabolism and water
-Induce adaptive changes to help body cope
-Promotes sequential growth
-Control reproduction
regulate RBC production

A

Endocrine system functions

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2
Q

Secrete chemical signals into the blood

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

Chemical signals released into circulation that broadcast throughout the body to every organ

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Derived from fatty acids/cholesterol

A

Lipid hormones

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5
Q

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone

A

Steroids

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6
Q

Functions in inflammatory response

A

Prostaglandins

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7
Q

Chains of amino acids

A

Peptide hormones

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8
Q

Protein bound to one or more carbohydrate group

A

Glycoprotein hormones

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9
Q

Derived from the AA tyrosine and tryptophan

A

Amine hormones

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10
Q

Long-chained precursors to hormones (ex insulin produced from proinsulin)

A

Prohormones

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11
Q

Molecules that are inactive until converted into the active forms of hormones (ex thyroxine secreted)

A

Prehormones

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12
Q

Occurs when two or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect. Effects may be additive or complementary

A

Synergistic effects

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13
Q

Occurs when one hormones makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone

A

Permissive effects

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14
Q

Occurs when hormones work in opposite directions with the goal of maintaining homeostasis

A

Antagonistic effects

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15
Q

Increases levels on calcium in the blood if they get too low

A

PTH

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16
Q

Decreases the release of calcium into the blood if levels are too high

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

Stimulates fat storage

A

Insulin

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18
Q

Stimulates fat breakdown

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

What controls the secretion of hormones?

A

Changes in ions or nutrients
Neurotransmitters
Other hormones

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20
Q

What are the hormonal control systems?

A
  • Ions/nutrient concentrations (Humoral Control)
  • Neurotransmitters (neural control)
  • Hormonal Control
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21
Q

Endocrine cells monitor concentrations of certain ions or nutrients

A

Humoral control

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22
Q

Neurons from the ANS can influence hormone release from adrenal medulla and other endocrine glands

A

Neural Control

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23
Q

Neurons from CNS affect hypothalamus, which in turn influences hormone release

A

Neural Control

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24
Q

Hormone that stimulates the secretion of a second hormone

A

Tropic hormone

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25
Q

Stimulates and maintains their endocrine target tissues

A

Tropic hormones

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26
Q

Mechanism of action

A
  • Hormones bind to receptors on or in target cells
  • Hormones bind to receptors with a high affinity
  • -Hormones can saturate receptors
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27
Q

Hormone receptors are in the cytoplasm or nucleus

A

Lipophilic hormones

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28
Q

Hormone receptors are on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

A

Water-soluble hormone receptors

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29
Q

too little hormone

A

Hyposecretion

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30
Q

Too much hormone

A

Hypersecretion

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31
Q

Enough hormone, but ineffective response

A

Hyporesponsiveness

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32
Q

Too much response

A

Hyperresponsiveness

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33
Q

Defect in the cells that secretes the hormone that is causing problems

A

Primary secretion disorder

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34
Q

Problem is with too much or to little tropic hormone

A

Secondary Secretion Disorder

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35
Q

Part of the diencephalon and controls release of pituitary hormones

A

Hypothalamus

36
Q

Extends from the interior surface of the hypothalamus and has two distinctive lobes

A

Pituitary gland

37
Q

Composed of nervous tissue

A

Posterior pituitary

38
Q

Where are hormones synthesized?

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

What are the posterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

40
Q

Increases reabsorption of H20 by kidneys

A

ADH

41
Q

Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk letdown during breast feeding

A

Oxytocin

42
Q

What are some hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinzing Hormone (LH)
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth hormone
  • Prolactin
43
Q

Promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

44
Q

Stimulates sex hormone secretion

A

Luteinizing Hormone

45
Q

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

46
Q

Promotes protein synthesis and growth

A

Growth hormone

47
Q

Promotes milk production

A

Prolactin

48
Q

Hormones released by the hypothalamus and pituitary

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

  • Growth Hormones releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  • Somatostatin (SS)
  • Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
  • Dopamine
  • Corticotropin (CRH)
49
Q

Stimulates release of FSH

A

GnRH

50
Q

Stimulates release of GH

A

GHRH

51
Q

Inhibits secretion of GH

A

SS

52
Q

Stimulates release of TSH

A

TRH

53
Q

Inhibits secretion of Prolactin

A

Dopamine

54
Q

Stimulates release of ACTH

A

CRH

55
Q

A principle means of regulating the effects of a hormone

A

Negative feedback inhibition

56
Q

High secretion of a hormone leads to a response that inhibits further secretion of that hormone

A

Negative feedback inhibition

57
Q

Hyposecretion in childhood that results in a short stature

A

Pituitary dwarfism

58
Q

Hypersecretion in childhood usually caused by tumor on the anterior pituitary which results in excessive growth

A

Gigantism

59
Q

Hypersecretion in adulthood which results in excessive growth especially in cranial and facial bones, hands and feet

A

Acromegaly

60
Q

Located on the superior aspect of each kidney composed of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

A

Adrenal glands

61
Q

Outer portion of adrenal glands that secretes steroid hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

62
Q

Inner portion of the adrenal glands which secretes catecholamines

A

Adrenal medulla

63
Q

Consists of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens which secrete different hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

64
Q

Consists of mainly aldosterone and influences mineral balance

A

Mineralocorticoids

65
Q

Primarily consists of cortisol/hydrocortisone and plays a major role in glucose metabolism and protein and lipid metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids

66
Q
  • Stimulates gluconegenesis
  • stimulates protein degration
  • facilitates lipolysis
  • plays key role in adaption to stress
  • anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresive effects
A

Cortisol/hydrocortisone

67
Q

What are some of the causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

overstimulation of adrenal cortex
adrenal tumors
taking meds with high glucocorticoid concentrations

68
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Abnormal fat distribution

69
Q

Effects of thyroid hormones

A
  • main determinant of basal metabolic rare
  • influences synthesis and degradation of carbs, fat and protein
  • increases heart rate
  • essential for normal growth
  • crucial role in development of nervous system
70
Q

Primary causes of Hypothyroidism

A

Failure of thyroid gland

Inadequate dietary supplement of iodine

71
Q

Symptoms of Hypothyrodism

A

Low BMR, weight-gain, letharrgy

72
Q

Goiter

A

enlarged thyroid

73
Q

Cretinism

A

Hypo secretion during first few months of life

74
Q

Graves disease

A

Autoimmune disease

Hyper secretion of thyroid hormones

75
Q

Symptoms of Graves disease

A

agitation, nervousness, bulging eyes

76
Q

Treatment of Graves disease

A

Surgical removal or a portion of the over-secreting thyroid or orbital decompression

77
Q

Four small organs located on posterior surface of the thyroid

A

parathyroid glands

78
Q

What does the parathyroid secrete

A

PTH

79
Q
  • increases blood Ca2+ levels if they get too low

- Increases breakdown of bone matrix and inhibits Ca2+ secretion from the kidneys

A

parathyroid hormone

80
Q

Both an endocrine organ and digestive exocrine organ

A

Pancreas

81
Q

What are the two cell types in the pancreas

A

Alpha and Beta cells (secretes glucagon and insulin)

82
Q

Encourages cellular growth

A

Anabolic hormones

83
Q

Induces glucose uptake and utilization by cells which promotes removal of glucose from blood and lowers blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

84
Q

Characterized by lack of insulin secretion and results in blood sugar level monitoring and regular insulin injections

A

Type 1 diabetes

85
Q

Characterized by normal or even increased insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity of insulin target cells

A

Type II diabetes

86
Q

What are additional endocrine organs

A

Gonads
Pineal gland
Stomach and small intestine

Physiology (13 decks)

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