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Physiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy

A

the study of the structures in living things

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

the study of functions in things

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3
Q

What is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a stable an d relatively constant internal environment

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4
Q

Receives info about the boys internal and external environment

A

sensor

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5
Q

receives information from the bodys sensors and determines how to respond to those deviations

A

integrating center

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6
Q

receives instructions/commands from the integrating center and makes appropriate adjustments to counteract the deviations

A

effectors

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7
Q

what is negative feedback loops

A

when a change in a condition leads to a response which occurs in the opposite direction of that change in order to get back to the set point

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8
Q

what is a positive feedback loop

A

when a change in condition leads to a response which amplifies that change

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9
Q

what are antagonistic effectors

A

effectors that use the opposite actions/outcomes working together with the common goal of maintaining the bodys set point

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10
Q

intrinsic regulation process

A

cells within the organ or gland sense a change and signal the regulatory mechanisms

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11
Q

extrinsic regulation of the endocrine system

A

slow and long lasting regulation process with the release of hormones

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12
Q

extrinsic regulation of the nervous system

A

regulation process that occurs quickly

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13
Q

hierarchy of organization

A 
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
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14
Q

what are the 4 main types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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15
Q

functions in movement and consists of bundles of fibers

A

muscle tissue

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16
Q

tissue attached to the bones by tendons and is responsible for voluntary movement and the cells are striated

A

Skeletal tissue

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17
Q

Causes involuntary contractions of the heart and the muscles are striated

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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18
Q

tissue found lining the walls of the hollow organs and cells are unstriated

A

smooth muscle tissue

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19
Q

Forms a communication network and functions to relay information regarding internal and external environments from one part of the body to another

A

nervous tissue

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20
Q

tissues that covers the body and lines its organs and cavities and glands

A

Epithelial tissue

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21
Q

secretions are released to external body surface via ducts

A

exocrine glands

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22
Q

irregularly shaped cells

A

squamous

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23
Q

cube shaped cells

A

cuboidal

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24
Q

column shaped cells

A

columnar

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25
Q

loose weave of collagen that holds many tissues and organs in place

A

loose connective tissue

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26
Q

tissue which contains fat to pad and insulate the body and store energy

A

adipose tissue

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27
Q

densely packed collagen fibers that form tendons and ligaments

A

fibrous connective tissue

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28
Q

strong but flexible tissue with collagen fibers

A

cartilage

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29
Q

rigid tissue made of collagen fibers

A

bone

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30
Q

fluid matrix

A

blood

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31
Q

types of connective tissue

A 
loose
adipose
fibrous
cartilage
bone
blood
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32
Q

two or more types on primary tissues that function together to perform a particular function or functions

A

organs

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33
Q

What are the 11 different organ systems in the body

A 
muscular
skeletal
nervous
endocrine
circulatory
integumentary
lymphatic/immune
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
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34
Q

What are the most common elements in the body

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon

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35
Q

What is the name for an elemental unit

A

Atom

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36
Q

Mass of 1

Charge of 0

A

Neutrons

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37
Q

Mass of 1

Charge of +1

A

Proton

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38
Q

Mass ~0

Charge -1

A

Electrons

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39
Q

Protons and neutrons occupy the ______ and the electrons occupy regions ___ this central area

A

atomic nucleus, surrounding

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40
Q

What tells the number of protons?

A

Atomic number

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41
Q

Number of protons plus the number of neutrons

A

atomic mass

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42
Q

determines the chemical properties of an atom

A

electron arrangement

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43
Q

How many electrons does the inner layer have

A

2

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44
Q

How many electrons does the outer layer have

A

8

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45
Q

Where is the valence shell

A

the outermost shell

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46
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms are happiest with 8 electrons in their outer shell

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47
Q

Bonds formed via donation or receipt of an electron

A

ionic bond

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48
Q

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons from or to their outer shell

A

ions

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49
Q

positively charged ion

A

cation

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50
Q

negavtively charged ion

A

anion

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51
Q

atoms bonded together via electron sharing

A

covalent bond

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52
Q

when do you have a non polar covalent bond

A

when atoms are shared equally

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53
Q

When do you have a polar covalent bond

A

when there is unequal sharing of electrons

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54
Q

What happens when water is ionized (positively or negatively)

A

H30+ and OH-

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55
Q

Compounds that contain at least 1 carbon atom

A

organic compounds

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56
Q

What kind of bonds do organic compounds like to form?

A

covalent bonds (tendency to fill their shell to 8 electrons)

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57
Q

very large organic compounds

A

marcomolecules

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58
Q

CnH2nO

A

carbohydrate

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59
Q

simplest carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide

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60
Q

When 2 monosaccharides are joined together

A

disaccharides (sugar)

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61
Q

Which fat has double bonds?

A

Unsaturated fat

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62
Q

what makes up the cell membrane?

A

phosopholipids

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63
Q

4 interlocking carbon rings with different functional groups attached to the backbone

A

steroids

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64
Q

type of fatty acid with a cyclic hydrocarbon group that serve as communication molecules

A

prostaglandins

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65
Q

help stimulate uteran contractions

A

prostaglandins

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66
Q

constructed from amino acids and linked by peptide bonds

A

proteins

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67
Q 
structural
contractile
storage
defense
transport
signaling
enzymatic
A

seven major classes of proteins

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68
Q

What is the basic structure of a protein?

A

amino group, carboxyl group, functional side chain

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69
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

polypeptide chain

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70
Q

what is the secondary form of a protein structure?

A

formation of helix or sheet shape in a protein chain due to hydrogen bonds forming

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71
Q

what is the tertiary form of a protein structure?

A

twisting and folding

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72
Q

what is the quaternary form of a protein structure?

A

bonding interactions of multiple polypeptide chains

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73
Q

composed of 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate grou[ and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleotides

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74
Q

nucleic acid that is single stranded and uses uracil instead oh thymine

A

RNA

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75
Q

separates the intracellular enviornment from extracellular movement and is composed of lipids, proteins and carbs

A

cell membrane

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76
Q

arranged in a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins suspended and attached

A

cell membrane

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77
Q

hydrophobic tails are towards the ____ while polar heads are toward the ____

A

middle,outside

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78
Q

types of membrane proteins

A

peripheral and integral

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79
Q

protein partially embedded in the membrane

A

peripheral

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80
Q

protein that spans the entire membrane

A

integral

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81
Q

types of carbohydrates in the cell membrane

A

glycolipids, glycoproteins

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82
Q

large numbers of molecules can be exchanged with extracellular fluid

A

bulk transfer

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83
Q

types of movement across membranes

A

endocytosis, exocytosis

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84
Q

cell eats by extending pseudopods, which form a vacuole around the particle

A

phagocytosis (phagocytosis)

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85
Q

invagination of the plasma membrane to pull materials into the cell

A

pinocytosis

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86
Q

binding of specific substances to receptor proteins of plasma membrane induces invagination when substances are pulled into the interior of the cell and packed into vesicle

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

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87
Q

merging of vesicle membrane with plasma membrane, which then releases materials into the extracellular fluid

A

exocytosis

88
Q

fingerlike extensions found on the surface of tube like organs

A

villi/microvilli

89
Q

hairlike structures projecting into the extracellular fluid, which contain microtubules and general flow

A

flagella

90
Q

gel-like material inside cells

A

cytoplasm

91
Q

network of protein fibers throughout cytosol that serves as structural support

A

cytoskeleton

92
Q

sac-like organelles which contain digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

93
Q

an accumulation of macromolecules

A

lysosomal storage disease

94
Q

causes lipids to accumulate in the brain, affecting the function of the CNS

A

Tay-Sach’s disease

95
Q

a build up on lipids in the spleen, liver or bone causing skeletal weakness

A

gaucher’s disease

96
Q

membraneous sacs

A

peroxisomes

97
Q

power generators of the cell

A

mitochondria

98
Q

folds in the mitochondria

A

cristae

99
Q

DNA in mitochondira

A

mtDNA

100
Q

where proteins are made

A

ribosomes

101
Q

system of membranous passageways from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane

A

endoplasmic reticulum

102
Q

assists in protein synthesis and distribution

A

rough ER

103
Q

stacks of flattened sacs that help prepare and package secretions and enzymes

A

golgi complex

104
Q

control center, which contains DNA

A

nucleus

105
Q

the DNA within the cell nucleus combines with protein

A

chromatin

106
Q

nucleotide sequence that codes from mRNA production

A

exons

107
Q

noncoding sequence that interrupts the eons producing variations of protein products

A

introns

108
Q

from DNA to protein

A

Translation

109
Q

from DNA to mRNA

A

Transcription

110
Q

ribosome binds to mRNA
reads codons
tRNA binds with complementary sequences
tRNA carries specific AA

A

RNA sequence read by ribosomes

111
Q

a single strand of RNA bent into cloverleaf shape where one end has the anticodon and the other has the appropriate AA

A

tRNA

112
Q

3 nucleotides that will be complementary to the proper codon

A

anticodon

113
Q

mRNA moves through ribosome
AA attached to tRNA and forms peptide bonds to each other and disassociate from the tRNA
tRNA disassociated from the mRNA as they lose their AA
continues until stop codon

A

Translation

114
Q

encodes the structure for a particular protein

A

mRNA

115
Q

carries AA to ribosome for inclusion in a newly synthesized protein

A

tRNA

116
Q

strucutural components of ribosomes

A

rRNA

117
Q

DNA copied
strands of double helix are separated
each strand used as a new copy of the complementary strand

A

Replications

118
Q

Mitosis

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Meta[hase
Anaphase
Telophase
119
Q

centriols form asters and move apart while the nuclear membrane begins to break down

A

prophase

120
Q

centrioles attach to spindle fibers at the middle

A

metaphase

121
Q

centrioles begin movement to the poles

A

anaphase

122
Q

the cell begins to split

A

telophase

123
Q

process by which two cell division steps produce gametes

A

meiosis

124
Q

pathological cell death when the death of cells damages adjacent cells

A

necrosis

125
Q

homeostatic cell death that involves the process where specific cells die off in a controlled fashion

A

apoptosis

126
Q

increase in cells of an organ or tissue due to increased cell division

A

hyperplasia

127
Q

increase in cell size in an organ or tissue

A

hypertrophy

128
Q

biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions, but doesn’t change at the end of reaction or doesn’t change the nature of reaction

A

enzyme

129
Q

the amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed

A

activation energy

130
Q

speeds up the rate of chemical reactions

A

catalysts

131
Q

enzyme (locks) into a specifically shaped key (substrate) can fit

A

lock and key model

132
Q

binds specific substrates to and active site, which catalyzes specific chemical reactions

A

active site specificity

133
Q

how does pH affect the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction

A

enzymes exhibit peak activity within a narrow pH range and the pH changes/alters site

134
Q

how does substrate concentration affect the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions

A

as substrate concentration increases, so will the rate of the reaction until the reaction reaches saturation

135
Q

how does enzyme concentration affect the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions

A

increasing enzyme concentration will also increase the rate of reaction up to saturation point

136
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions

A

as temp increases, rate of reaction will increase, however the effect of bond breaking will become greater and greater and the rate of reaction will begin to decrease

137
Q

derived from water soluble vitamins which transport Hydrogen atoms and other small molecules

A

Coenzymes

138
Q

help the active site through conformational change of the enzyme of helps in enzyme-substrate binding (typically metal ions)

A

Cofactors

139
Q

sequence of enzymatic reactions that begins with an initial substrate and progresses through a number of intermediates and ends with a final product

A

metabolic pathways

140
Q

product of one enzyme becomes the substrate of the next

A

straight chain pathway

141
Q

two or more enzymes working together

A

branched pathway

142
Q

the ate of chemical reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances

A

law of mass action

143
Q

a from of negative feedback in which increased levels of a product decreases the rate of product formation (ex: regulation of ATP formation by phosphofructokinase)

A

End product inhabitation

144
Q

the flow of energy in living systems

A

bioenergetics

145
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be destroyed or created, only transformed

146
Q

chemical reaction that requires an input of energy

A

endergonic

147
Q

chemical reactions that produce energy

A

exergonic

148
Q

all the chemical reactions in the body that involve energy transformations

A

metabolism

149
Q

releases energy by breaking large molecules down into smaller molecules

A

catabolic reactions

150
Q

requires energy input that synthesize large molecules

A

anabolic reactions

151
Q

what reactions break down foods to serve as energy sources for the anabolism of ATOP?

A

catabolic reactions

152
Q

the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water

A

cellular respiration

153
Q

what are the 2 methods of breaking down food

A

aerobic respiration

anaerobic respiration

154
Q

What are the three steps of aerobic respiration of glucose

A

Glycolysis
Citric acid Cycle
Electron Transport

155
Q

process that converts/breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruivic acid

A

glycolysis

156
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

157
Q

Product of glycolysis

A

Glucose+2NAD+2ADP+2Pi = 2 pyretic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

158
Q

fate of pyruvate if oxygen is present…

A

oxygen is the last electron

159
Q

fate of pyruvate if oxygen is not present

A

anaerobic metabolism/lactic acid fermentation

160
Q

occurs in muscle, RBCs and other cells when oxygen supply falls below oxygen demand

A

lactic acid

161
Q

enormous amount of free energy release that is used to drive ATP synthesis and the MAIN METHOD for producing ATP in most cells

A

aerobic respiration of glucose

162
Q

begins with glycolysis

A

aerobic respiration of glucose

163
Q

pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm and enters the mitochondrial matrix and then combines with coenzymes

A

aerobic metabolism

164
Q

occurs in mitrocondria and begins with acetyl coA

A

Krebs cycle

165
Q

Produces 3 NADH
1 FADH
1 ATP

A

Krebs cycle

166
Q

turns twice for each glucose moleculeds

A

krebs cycle

167
Q

In the krebs cycle, each glucose molecules results in

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2

168
Q

what is the final step of cellular respiration

A

electron transport

169
Q

series of membrane-bound carriers transfer electrons between membrane proteins

A

electron transport

170
Q

during electron transport, which steps create the most ATP

A

32-34

171
Q

formation of glycogen from glucose

A

glycogenesis

172
Q

occurs in liver and muscle cells when glucose and ATP are present in high amount in response to hormonal and neural signals

A

glycogenesis

173
Q

two way traffic of lactic acid being shipped to the liver and then back to the muscle

A

Cori Cycle

174
Q

energy storage location

A

white adipose tissue

175
Q

breaking triglycerides down into fatty acids and glycerol using enzyme lipase

A

lipolysis

176
Q

mechanisms of transport across plasma membrane

A

carrier- mediated (facilitated diffusion)

simple difusion

177
Q

movement of molecules with the concentration gradient

A

passive transport

178
Q

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilited diffuison

A

passive transport

179
Q

movement of molecule against the concentration gradient

A

active transport

180
Q

movement of particles in a solution due to random thermal motion

A

diffusion

181
Q

due to ____, molecules that are __ can pass from of side of the cell membrane to the other

A

phospholipid bilayer, nonpolar/lipid soluble

182
Q

the difference in the concentration of a substance between two locations

A

concentration gradient

183
Q

diffuses easily across the cell membrane

A

water and non polar molecules

184
Q

permits the passage of charged inorganic ions

A

protein channels

185
Q

factors affecting rate of diffusion

A 
temp
surface area
concentration gradient
size of particles
diffusion medium
186
Q

how does temperature affect diffusion

A

higher temperatures lead to a faster diffusion

187
Q

how does surface area affect the rate of diffusion

A

larger surface area make diffusion faster

188
Q

what happens if the concentration gradient is high

A

difusión will happen faster

189
Q

how does the size of particles affect the rate of diffusion

A

smaller particles diffuse faster

190
Q

how do diffusion mediums affect the rate of diffusion

A

solids–slowest
liquid– faster
gas–fastest

191
Q

the number of total solute per liter of solution/ measurement of the concentration of a solution

A

osmolality

192
Q

the pressure/force needed to stop osmosis

A

osmotic pressure

193
Q

the effect of a solute concentration on the osmotic movement of water

A

tonicity

194
Q

determines whether cell remains same size, swells, or shrinks when a solution surrounds the cell

A

tonicity

195
Q

same osmotic pressure on both sides of the membrane

A

isotonic solution

196
Q

hypotonic solution

A

a solution with lower osmotic pressure than inside the cell

197
Q

a solution with higher osmotic pressure than inside the cell

A

hypertonic solution

198
Q

what increases osmolality in blood

A

thirst
ADH
decreased excretion of water in urine

199
Q

bind to transported substance on one side of the membrane
undergo shape change
release substance on opposite side of membrane

A

carrier mediated transport

200
Q

characteristics of carrier proteins

A

specificiity
competition
saturation

201
Q

substances move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration and require a carrier molecule

A

facilitated diffusion

202
Q

transport of glucose

A

facilitated diffusion

203
Q

moves a substance against its concentration gradient and requires a carrier molecule

A

active transport (primary active or secondary active)

204
Q

occurs when the hydrolysis of ATP is directly responsible for the function of the carriers (proteins in the plasma membrane)

A

primary active transport

205
Q

reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water

A

hyrolysis

206
Q

primary energy source is an ion concentration gradient (coupled transport)

A

secondary active transport

207
Q

ions flow from a high to low concentration, providing energy for actively transported substance

A

secondary active transport

208
Q

transport necessary in oder for a molecules o ion to move from the external environment into the blood

A

transport across epithelial membranes

209
Q

generates concnetration gradients and electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of cell

A

sodium potassium ATP pump

210
Q

why is sodium potassium ATP pump importat

A

generates electrical impulses

drives co-transports of other substances across the plasma membrane

211
Q

an ionic concentration gradient across a membrane permeable to only one ion

A

equilibrium potential

212
Q

types of cell signaling

A

gap junctions
paracrine signaling
synaptic signaling
endocrine signaling

213
Q

cell signal that allows adjacent cells to pass ions and regulatory molecules through a channel between cells

A

gap junctions

214
Q

cell signaling that happens when adjacent cells secrete molecules that diffuse through the membrane of nearby target cells

A

paracrine signaling

215
Q

cell signaling that happens when neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

A

synaptic signaling

216
Q

cell signaling that happens when cells secrete hormones into the extra cellular fluid and they enter the blood and are carried to the cells of the body

A

endocrine signaling

Physiology (13 decks)

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