Test 2 Notes Flashcards
Vaccines
- viruses or bacteria, that are injected into your body in order to stimulate an immune response
- antibodies injected into your body to confer a passive immunity to a specific antigen
Viruses or bacteria, that are injected into your body in order to stimulate an immune response
Vaccines
T-dependent antigens
Must have their antigenic determination sites presented to both B cells and T helper cells before antibody production can occur
Must have their antigenic determination sites presented to both B cells and T helper cells before antibody production can occur
T dependent antigens
After a macrophage consumes a virus, it may:
- incorporate viral antigen determination sites into it’d MHC II makers
- present viral determination sites to B-lymphocytes and T-helper lymphocytes
Which blood type contains anti-B antibodies
Type A and O
Which blood type has no antibodies
AB
Universal donor
Type O
During exposure to an antigen for the first time:
- population of both B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes ar stimulated
- first antibodies produced are in the IgM class
- more than one pop of b-lymphocytes, each with different antigen receptors can be stimulated by the same antigen
T/F: antibodies may link particular antigens together so they cannot function
True
T/F: antibodies may neutralize by coating them, thereby blocking viral blocking viral binding sites and rendering bacterial toxins ineffective
True
T/F: antibodies may link soluble antigens to form an immobile precipitate that is then consumed by macrophages
True
T/F: antibodies may congregate to form pores in the membrane of cellular antigens thereby losing that cell antibodies may activate
False
T/F: antibodies may activate complement which forms an attack complex
True
A women with Rh blood has three children fathered by an Rh+ man. The first child was Rh- and the other two were Rh+, which child is at risk?
Only the third child would be at risk, because, after the mother gave birth to her second child, she may have produced anti-Rh antibodies
Which cells act as presenter cells when they place antigenic determination sites from an antigen on their MHC II markers?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells
Which cell type acquires IgE from tissue fluids
Plasma
T helper cells secrete —–
Interleukin 4
Antibodies have binding sites for
Specific antigens
Compliment proteins
Macrophages
Define immunocompetence:
The ability to recognize specific antigens
Immunocompetence develops in:
The bone marrow for lymphocytes that will eventually be able to secrete antibodies
Where to t-cytotoxic cells develop?
Thymus
You have reoccurring bouts of certain ailments such as the flu because
The antigen mutates frequently. Thereby rendering ineffective the memory cells produced
Define opsonization
Covering an antigen with antibodies that have macrophage binding sites on their constant regions, thereby facilitating phagocyte action of the macrophage
Low levels of CO2 stimulate
Dilation of bronchioles and vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries
What do the intercostals and diaphragm do during inhalation
Contract
Dead space:
Contains used air from the alveoli at the end of exhalation
Must be less than the volume of tidal volume in order for alveolar ventilation to occur
Represents an increasingly smaller percentage of TV as exercise and metabolic rate increase
When you LIVE at a high altitude your RBC manufacture:
More 2,3 DPG and this increases the P50 value of the hemoglobin saturation curve
When at a high alt. for a long time, you RBC develop:
A lower affinity to help in unloading O2 at tissues
Define surfactant:
Reduces surface tension in moist alveoli, thereby allowing them to expand when the chest cavity expands during inhalation
Carbon monoxide binds to
The heme of hemoglobin thereby preventing oxygen from binding to hemoglobin
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation
Functional residual capacity
Location of vocal cords
Larynx
What happens when your metabolizing cells exchange the same number of CO2 and O2 molecules with the systemic blood?
The pO2 of the blood falls more than the pCO2 rises
O2 is less soluble
The total surface area of the small intestine is greater than that of the large intestine because:
- SI is 15x as long as the large intestine
- SI possesses villi
- the surface membranes of the epithelial cells of the small intestine are modified to microvilli
Cells of the stomach and pancreas that manufacture digestive enzymes do not digest themselves during this process because:
The enzymes are made in an inactive form
Intact proteins in the chyme within the stomach
Help to buffer the pH of the chyme against HCL secretion
A gastric ulcer is commonly caused by:
A bacterial toxin that erodes the stomach lining allowing the acid chyme to further erode the epithelial cells
what stimulates glucagon secretion
rise in blood glucose concentration
The Cephalic Phase of Gastric Function:
- Involves stimulation of the stomach lining by the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system
- is set into motion by the sight, taste, and smell of food
- is responsible for an increased blood flow to the stomach as well as an increase in the secretion of acid and pepsinogen
T/F: During the course of infection, a plasma cell can switch among the manufacture of various kinds of heavy chains, producing two or more different antibody classes with the same antigen specificity
True
T/F: One functional difference between your B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is that B-cells have immune receptors that can bind directly with the determination sites on the surgace of certain antigens, whereas T cells recognize the antigens only when they are complexed with MHC marker on your cell
TRUE
Delayed onset, type 2 diabetes is characterized by a normal production of insulin by a reduced efficacy of that hormone
TRUE
An allergic reaction can turn into shock if the allergen enters the blood and causes system wise vasodilation leading to a drop in blood pressure
TRUE
Viruses can enter and replicate within RBC without detection by your immune system because RBC do not have the MHC I markers necessary to display antigen proteins to T cytotoxic cells
FALSE
Passive immunity is the production of memory cells in response to a natural infection, whereas active immunity is the production of memory cells in response to a vaccination
FALSE
You masticate your food to physically break the bonds among atoms, thereby helping to break molecules smalls enough to be taken up across membranes of the cells lining the digestive tract
FALSE
The function of myoglobin is to transfer oxygen to hemoglobin when pO2 levels in the blood get very low
FALSE
The hormone that acts both on the gall bladder to stimulate a contraction, and on the pancreas to stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes into the pancreatic juice
cholecystokinin (CKK)
The cytokine is produced by your body tissue cells (no monocytes) in response to viral infection and it stimulates the production of proteins that inhibit replication in uninfected neighboring cells
interferon
Specific metabolic process by which glucose is created from non carbohydrates in the liver
gluconeogenesis
The serous membrane that covers the outer wall of your abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneium
Mast cells, which secrete histamine during inflammation are derived from this type of leukocyte that circulates in the blood
Basophil
Structure common to digestive and reproductive tract
Pharynx
Process by which leukocytes leave the blood stream by squeezing through pores in capillary walls
diapedesis
In order to emulsify fats
Incerase surface area of lipid droplets, thereby creating more sites of enzymatic wide gradation by water soluble lipases
diapedesis
Process by which leukocytes leave the blood stream by squeezing through pores in capillary walls
parietal peritoneium
The serous membrane that covers the outer wall of your abdominal cavity
MHC Markers
Type of marker on every cell besides RBC
MHC I Marker
Self marker
Label self, as self
Active CD8 cells cause them to become cytotoxic t-cells
Contain binding sites for fragments that are made INSIDE THE CELL
MHC II Marker
Presenter cells
Incorporate fragments from proteins that were consumed by the cell
show CD4 cells what invaders look like
activate CD4 cells cause them to become helper t-cells
found on dendritic cells, macrophages, and b-cells
Lymphocytes
Specific part of the immune system
Have specific immune receptors
Ex: B-cells
Parts of the nonspecific immune system
monocyte eosinophils neurophils basophils they are phagocytic
Cytokines
chemical messengers for immunity influence cell development, differentiation, and immune response
Attain immunocompetancy in bone marrow
Naive B-lymphocytes and CD4 markers
Macrophages
active form of monocytes, oresent antigens to T cells and become activated (monocyte–> macrophage)
B Cells
Specific immune cells have specific immune receptors present antigens when they activate, t cells are simultaneously activated stimulated by helper T cells
T-cells
specific immune cells
natural killer cells
non specific
police the body in blood and lymph
not phagocytic, kill by directly contacting target cell
Antigen Presenting Cells (3)
- B cells
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
presenting cells
promoter cells (engage other cells)
present to CD8 and CD4 cells
chemotaxis
following an odor trail
how macrophages get to site of inflammation
interferon
chemicals produced by cell when it is invaded, helps protect other, healthy cells
CD8 cells
become cytotoxic T cells
destroy cells that have been invaded
mature in bone marrow
activated by presentation of MHC I
CD4 cells
become helper T cells
help activate B cells and other t cells
activated by MHC II
mast cells
produce histamine during the inflammation response
incorporate circulating antibodies into their cell membranes
T cytotoxic cells
active form of CD8 cells
kill virus infected cells
T helper cells
bind only to MHC I complex
Plasama cells
secrete antibodies
macrophages
able to kill bacteria directly
visceral pleura
in physical contact with the lungs
covers the external surfaces
parietal pleura
lines the thoracic cavity
Swallowing reflect
larynx moves upward, uvula covers internal nares
obstruction of common bile duct by gallstones
effects fat digestion
cardia
part of stomach that meets the esophagus at the gastroesophageal sphincter
chloride shift
the exchange of Cl- with HCO2- n RBC as blood moves through capillaries
Inspiratory reserve volume
Max amount inhaled over resting inhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
Max vol of air exhaled over passive exhalation
Vital capacity
Max vol you can move in and out of your lungs
