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Human Anatomy > Test 2 Notes > Flashcards

Test 2 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Vaccines

A
  • viruses or bacteria, that are injected into your body in order to stimulate an immune response
  • antibodies injected into your body to confer a passive immunity to a specific antigen
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2
Q

Viruses or bacteria, that are injected into your body in order to stimulate an immune response

A

Vaccines

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3
Q

T-dependent antigens

A

Must have their antigenic determination sites presented to both B cells and T helper cells before antibody production can occur

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4
Q

Must have their antigenic determination sites presented to both B cells and T helper cells before antibody production can occur

A

T dependent antigens

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5
Q

After a macrophage consumes a virus, it may:

A
  • incorporate viral antigen determination sites into it’d MHC II makers
  • present viral determination sites to B-lymphocytes and T-helper lymphocytes
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6
Q

Which blood type contains anti-B antibodies

A

Type A and O

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7
Q

Which blood type has no antibodies

A

AB

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8
Q

Universal donor

A

Type O

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9
Q

During exposure to an antigen for the first time:

A
  • population of both B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes ar stimulated
  • first antibodies produced are in the IgM class
  • more than one pop of b-lymphocytes, each with different antigen receptors can be stimulated by the same antigen
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10
Q

T/F: antibodies may link particular antigens together so they cannot function

A

True

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11
Q

T/F: antibodies may neutralize by coating them, thereby blocking viral blocking viral binding sites and rendering bacterial toxins ineffective

A

True

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12
Q

T/F: antibodies may link soluble antigens to form an immobile precipitate that is then consumed by macrophages

A

True

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13
Q

T/F: antibodies may congregate to form pores in the membrane of cellular antigens thereby losing that cell antibodies may activate

A

False

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14
Q

T/F: antibodies may activate complement which forms an attack complex

A

True

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15
Q

A women with Rh blood has three children fathered by an Rh+ man. The first child was Rh- and the other two were Rh+, which child is at risk?

A

Only the third child would be at risk, because, after the mother gave birth to her second child, she may have produced anti-Rh antibodies

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16
Q

Which cells act as presenter cells when they place antigenic determination sites from an antigen on their MHC II markers?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells

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17
Q

Which cell type acquires IgE from tissue fluids

A

Plasma

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18
Q

T helper cells secrete —–

A

Interleukin 4

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19
Q

Antibodies have binding sites for

A

Specific antigens
Compliment proteins
Macrophages

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20
Q

Define immunocompetence:

A

The ability to recognize specific antigens

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21
Q

Immunocompetence develops in:

A

The bone marrow for lymphocytes that will eventually be able to secrete antibodies

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22
Q

Where to t-cytotoxic cells develop?

A

Thymus

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23
Q

You have reoccurring bouts of certain ailments such as the flu because

A

The antigen mutates frequently. Thereby rendering ineffective the memory cells produced

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24
Q

Define opsonization

A

Covering an antigen with antibodies that have macrophage binding sites on their constant regions, thereby facilitating phagocyte action of the macrophage

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25
Q

Low levels of CO2 stimulate

A

Dilation of bronchioles and vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries

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26
Q

What do the intercostals and diaphragm do during inhalation

A

Contract

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27
Q

Dead space:

A

Contains used air from the alveoli at the end of exhalation
Must be less than the volume of tidal volume in order for alveolar ventilation to occur
Represents an increasingly smaller percentage of TV as exercise and metabolic rate increase

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28
Q

When you LIVE at a high altitude your RBC manufacture:

A

More 2,3 DPG and this increases the P50 value of the hemoglobin saturation curve

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29
Q

When at a high alt. for a long time, you RBC develop:

A

A lower affinity to help in unloading O2 at tissues

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30
Q

Define surfactant:

A

Reduces surface tension in moist alveoli, thereby allowing them to expand when the chest cavity expands during inhalation

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31
Q

Carbon monoxide binds to

A

The heme of hemoglobin thereby preventing oxygen from binding to hemoglobin

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32
Q

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation

A

Functional residual capacity

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33
Q

Location of vocal cords

A

Larynx

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34
Q

What happens when your metabolizing cells exchange the same number of CO2 and O2 molecules with the systemic blood?

A

The pO2 of the blood falls more than the pCO2 rises

O2 is less soluble

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35
Q

The total surface area of the small intestine is greater than that of the large intestine because:

A
  • SI is 15x as long as the large intestine
  • SI possesses villi
  • the surface membranes of the epithelial cells of the small intestine are modified to microvilli
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36
Q

Cells of the stomach and pancreas that manufacture digestive enzymes do not digest themselves during this process because:

A

The enzymes are made in an inactive form

37
Q

Intact proteins in the chyme within the stomach

A

Help to buffer the pH of the chyme against HCL secretion

38
Q

A gastric ulcer is commonly caused by:

A

A bacterial toxin that erodes the stomach lining allowing the acid chyme to further erode the epithelial cells

39
Q

what stimulates glucagon secretion

A

rise in blood glucose concentration

40
Q

The Cephalic Phase of Gastric Function:

A
  • Involves stimulation of the stomach lining by the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system
  • is set into motion by the sight, taste, and smell of food
  • is responsible for an increased blood flow to the stomach as well as an increase in the secretion of acid and pepsinogen
41
Q

T/F: During the course of infection, a plasma cell can switch among the manufacture of various kinds of heavy chains, producing two or more different antibody classes with the same antigen specificity

A

True

42
Q

T/F: One functional difference between your B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is that B-cells have immune receptors that can bind directly with the determination sites on the surgace of certain antigens, whereas T cells recognize the antigens only when they are complexed with MHC marker on your cell

A

TRUE

43
Q

Delayed onset, type 2 diabetes is characterized by a normal production of insulin by a reduced efficacy of that hormone

A

TRUE

44
Q

An allergic reaction can turn into shock if the allergen enters the blood and causes system wise vasodilation leading to a drop in blood pressure

A

TRUE

45
Q

Viruses can enter and replicate within RBC without detection by your immune system because RBC do not have the MHC I markers necessary to display antigen proteins to T cytotoxic cells

A

FALSE

46
Q

Passive immunity is the production of memory cells in response to a natural infection, whereas active immunity is the production of memory cells in response to a vaccination

A

FALSE

47
Q

You masticate your food to physically break the bonds among atoms, thereby helping to break molecules smalls enough to be taken up across membranes of the cells lining the digestive tract

A

FALSE

48
Q

The function of myoglobin is to transfer oxygen to hemoglobin when pO2 levels in the blood get very low

A

FALSE

49
Q

The hormone that acts both on the gall bladder to stimulate a contraction, and on the pancreas to stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes into the pancreatic juice

A

cholecystokinin (CKK)

50
Q

The cytokine is produced by your body tissue cells (no monocytes) in response to viral infection and it stimulates the production of proteins that inhibit replication in uninfected neighboring cells

A

interferon

51
Q

Specific metabolic process by which glucose is created from non carbohydrates in the liver

A

gluconeogenesis

52
Q

The serous membrane that covers the outer wall of your abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneium

53
Q

Mast cells, which secrete histamine during inflammation are derived from this type of leukocyte that circulates in the blood

A

Basophil

54
Q

Structure common to digestive and reproductive tract

A

Pharynx

55
Q

Process by which leukocytes leave the blood stream by squeezing through pores in capillary walls

A

diapedesis

56
Q

In order to emulsify fats

A

Incerase surface area of lipid droplets, thereby creating more sites of enzymatic wide gradation by water soluble lipases

57
Q

diapedesis

A

Process by which leukocytes leave the blood stream by squeezing through pores in capillary walls

58
Q

parietal peritoneium

A

The serous membrane that covers the outer wall of your abdominal cavity

59
Q

MHC Markers

A

Type of marker on every cell besides RBC

60
Q

MHC I Marker

A

Self marker
Label self, as self
Active CD8 cells cause them to become cytotoxic t-cells
Contain binding sites for fragments that are made INSIDE THE CELL

61
Q

MHC II Marker

A

Presenter cells
Incorporate fragments from proteins that were consumed by the cell
show CD4 cells what invaders look like
activate CD4 cells cause them to become helper t-cells
found on dendritic cells, macrophages, and b-cells

62
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Specific part of the immune system
Have specific immune receptors
Ex: B-cells

63
Q

Parts of the nonspecific immune system

A 
monocyte
eosinophils
neurophils
basophils
they are phagocytic
64
Q

Cytokines

A

chemical messengers for immunity influence cell development, differentiation, and immune response

65
Q

Attain immunocompetancy in bone marrow

A

Naive B-lymphocytes and CD4 markers

66
Q

Macrophages

A

active form of monocytes, oresent antigens to T cells and become activated (monocyte–> macrophage)

67
Q

B Cells

A 
Specific immune cells
have specific immune receptors
present antigens
when they activate, t cells are simultaneously activated
stimulated by helper T cells
68
Q

T-cells

A

specific immune cells

69
Q

natural killer cells

A

non specific
police the body in blood and lymph
not phagocytic, kill by directly contacting target cell

70
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells (3)

A
  1. B cells
  2. macrophages
  3. dendritic cells
71
Q

Dendritic cells

A

presenting cells
promoter cells (engage other cells)
present to CD8 and CD4 cells

72
Q

chemotaxis

A

following an odor trail

how macrophages get to site of inflammation

73
Q

interferon

A

chemicals produced by cell when it is invaded, helps protect other, healthy cells

74
Q

CD8 cells

A

become cytotoxic T cells
destroy cells that have been invaded
mature in bone marrow
activated by presentation of MHC I

75
Q

CD4 cells

A

become helper T cells
help activate B cells and other t cells
activated by MHC II

76
Q

mast cells

A

produce histamine during the inflammation response

incorporate circulating antibodies into their cell membranes

77
Q

T cytotoxic cells

A

active form of CD8 cells

kill virus infected cells

78
Q

T helper cells

A

bind only to MHC I complex

79
Q

Plasama cells

A

secrete antibodies

80
Q

macrophages

A

able to kill bacteria directly

81
Q

visceral pleura

A

in physical contact with the lungs

covers the external surfaces

82
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the thoracic cavity

83
Q

Swallowing reflect

A

larynx moves upward, uvula covers internal nares

84
Q

obstruction of common bile duct by gallstones

A

effects fat digestion

85
Q

cardia

A

part of stomach that meets the esophagus at the gastroesophageal sphincter

86
Q

chloride shift

A

the exchange of Cl- with HCO2- n RBC as blood moves through capillaries

87
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Max amount inhaled over resting inhalation

88
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Max vol of air exhaled over passive exhalation

89
Q

Vital capacity

A

Max vol you can move in and out of your lungs

Human Anatomy (30 decks)

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